1、IES LM-28-12Approved Method: IES Guide for the Selenulltionullnull nullnullrenull nullnulld nullnulle of Elenulltrinullnulll Inullnulltrunullenulltnull inull the nullhotonulletrinull LnullnullornulltornullIES LM-28-12Approved Method:IES Guide for the Selection, Careand Use of Electrical Instrunullen
2、ts in the nullhotonulletric LanulloratornullPublication of this Committee Report has been approved by the IES. Suggestions for revisions should be directed to the IESnullrepared nullnull:nullhe Sunullconullnullittee on nullhotonulletrnull of nullutdoor Lunullinairesof the IES nullestinnull nullroced
3、ures ConullnullitteeIES LM-2null-null2Copyright 2012 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.Approved by the IES Board of Directornullnull December nullnull 2012null anull a nullrannullaction of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.All rightnull renullerved. nullo p
4、art of this publication may be reproduced in any formnull in any electronic retrieval system or othernullisenull nullithout prior nullritten permission of the IES.Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of nullorth nullmericanull null2null nullall Streetnull nullenull nullornullnull nullen
5、ull nullornull nullnullnullnullnull.IES Standards and nulluides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IES nullffice in nullenull nullornull. Careful attention is given to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in this documentnull please fornullard them to Rita nullarrol
6、dnull nullirector of nullechnologynull at the above address for verification and correction. nullhe IES nullelcomes and urges feedbacnull and comments. ISnullnull nullnullnullnull-null-nullnullnullnullnull-2nullnull-nullnullrinted in the nullnited Statenull of AmericanullISCLAIMEnullIES publications
7、 are developed through the consensus standards development process approved by the nullmerican nullational Standards Institute. nullhis process brings together volunteers represent-ing varied vienullpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. nullhile the IES administers t
8、he process and establishes policies and procedures to promote fairness in the development of consensusnull it manulles no guaranty or nullarranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein. nullhe IES disclaims liability for any innullury to persons or property or other d
9、amages of any nature nullhatsoevernull nullhether specialnull indirectnull consenulluential or compensatorynull directly or indirectly result-ing from the publicationnull use ofnull or reliance on this document.In issuing and manulling this document availablenull the IES is not undertanulling to ren
10、der professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. nullor is the IES undertanulling to perform any duty onulled by any person or entity to someone else. nullnyone using this document should rely on his or her onulln independent nulludgment ornull as appropriatenull seenull
11、the advice of a competent professional in determining the enullercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.nullhe IES has no ponullernull nor does it undertanullenull to police or enforce compliance nullith the contents of this document. nullor does the IES listnull certifynull test or insp
12、ect productsnull designsnull or installations for compliance nullith this document. nullny certification or statement of compliance nullith the renulluirements of this document shall not be attributable to the IES and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or manuller of the statement.IES LM-
13、2null-null2nullrepared nullnull the Sunullconullnullittee on nullhotonulletrnull of nullutdoor Lunullinaires of the IES nullestinnull nullrocedures Conullnullittee Sunullconullnullittee on nullhotonulletrnull of nullutdoor LunullinairesGarnull Steinnullernull, ChairIES nullestinnull nullrocedures Co
14、nullnullitteeMnull Grather, ChairC. nullndersennull. ChannullM.nullratherR. nulleinischnullR. nullorannull. nullounullnull. nullusbynullnullnull.nullashaninullR. nullelleyL. Leetnullonullnullnull. nullenulllandnull. SchutnullnullR. SpecnullnullnullL.Staffordnullnull. nullchidanullM.null. nullachonnu
15、llC. nullndersenL. nullyersnullnull. nullanullernullR. nullergerR. nullerginnullR. nullergmanE. nullretschneidernull. nullroonullsnullnull. nullroughtonnullnull. ChannullP-null ChounullR. Collinsnullnull. CurrynullR. nullaubachnullnull. EllisP. nullrancnullnullR. nulleinischnullnull. nullemminullnul
16、l. nullernandenullnullR. nullorannull. nullospodarsnullyS. nulluanullP-C. nullungnullnull. nullusbynullnullS. nulluttonnullnull. nullacnullsonnull. nullennullinsnullnull. nulliaonullS. nullungM. nullalnullasnull. nullarambelasnull. nullashaninullR. nullelleynullM. nullotrebainull. nullueblernull. La
17、nulltonnullL. Leetnullonullnullnull. LerbsnullR. LevinnullI. LenullinnullR. LinullR. Lonullnullnull. MarellaP. McCarthynull. McnulleeC. Millernull. Moshernull. nullenulllandnull. nullhnonullnull. PlannullnullE. Radnullovnull. RandolphE. RichmannullM. Sapcoenull. Schutnullnullnull. Smithnullnull. Smi
18、thnullnull null. SonnullR. SpecnullnullnullL. Staffordnullnull. SteinbergR. nulluttlenull. nullagnernullnull. nullalnullernullnull. nullaughnullnull. nullelchnullnull. nullilconullnullnull. nullonnullnull. nullhangnullnulldvisory nullnullnullonoraryIES LM-2null-null2IES LM-2null-null2Contentsnullore
19、nullord. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11nullnull nullernullinolonullnull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12nullnull General Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12null1 nullinullital versus Analonull Instrunullents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12null2 Sinnullle-nullannulle versus Multi-nullannulle Instrunullents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1nullnullnull Instrunullents for nulleasurenullent of Electrical nulluantities . . . . . . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1nullnull1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1nullnull2 Inullpedance Linullitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2nullnullnull Annullular nullosition Sensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2nullnullnull nullptical nulladiation nul
24、letectors and Measurinnull Instrunullents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2nullnull1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2nullnull2 nullpt
25、ical nulladiation nulletectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nullnullnullnull Anullplifiers and Lonullnullinnullnullnullisplanull nullevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、 . . . . . . . . . . nullnullnullnull Electrical nullilterinnull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nullnullnullnull Linearitnull of nullptical nulladiation Measurenullent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nullnullnullnull Cosine nullesponse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nullnullnullnull nullhotopic nullesponse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nullnullnullnull nulletection of nullrafts nullAirflonullnull. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nullnullnullnull nul
29、lenullperature Measurenullents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . null8nullnull Safetnull. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . null8null1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . null8null2 Electrical Shocnull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nullnullnullnull Conullputer Interfacinnull of nullhotonulletric Enulluipnullent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nullnulleferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nullnullinulllionullraphnull. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、. nullAnnenull A: Analonull Instrunullent Selection and Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nullA1null Analonull Instrunullent Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、. . .nullA2null Enulltendinnull the nullannulle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .nullAnullnull Current nullransfornullers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .nullAnullnull nullotential nullransfornullers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .nullAnullnull Inullpedance Linullitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .nullAnnenull A nulleferences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .nullAnnenull null: Measurenullent Errors nullue to the nulleviati
37、on in Snullstenull nullesponse fronull nullnullnull. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8null1null Illunullinance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8null2null nullotal Lunullinous nulllunull .
38、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Annenull null nulleferences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8IES LM-2null-
39、null2nullIES LM-2null-null2nullnullnullEnullnullnullnullIES LM-2null-2nullnull2null is a revision of the nullnullnullnull report of the same name.nullIt has been revised primarily to acnullnonullledge technological changes that have occurred in electrical measuring instrument design and interfacing.
40、 nullhis guide defines the terms that are used to describe the instrumentsnull and informs the reader about caution that must be tanullen nullhen selectingnull maintainingnull and using electrical instru-ments in the photometric laboratory. nulldditionallynullthis guide nullill aid in the evaluation
41、 and application of electrical measuring instruments nullhile maintaining appropriate levels of uncertainty.1nullnullnullnullMInullnullLnullGnullnullhe term innulltrument nullill be used throughout the guide instead of the term meternull nullhich nullas incor-rectly applied to ammeternull nullattmet
42、ernull and similar types of instruments in previous publications of this document.nullhe instruments renulluired for the photometric labora-tory can be divided into tnullo groupsnull nullnullnull instruments for the measurement of electrical nulluantities in the testing of lamps and aunulliliariesnu
43、ll and null2null special instruments and devices for such measurements as detector outputnull temperaturenull source colornull total luminous flunullnull and luminaire and photometer angular position. Indicating and recording instruments may be used in either type of application.2nullnullGEnullEnull
44、AL CnullnullSInullEnullAnullInullnullS2null1 nullinullital versus Analonull Instrunullentsnull nulligital instruments are nullidely used in the lighting industry. nulligital instruments are often preferred over analog instruments because of their accuracynull preci-sionnull cost effectivenessnull ea
45、se of usenull and superior stability. nulligh nulluality analog instruments can also be viable choices for the measurement of voltagenullcurrentnull ponuller and temperature nullhen properly used. Annenull A provides information regarding the selec-tion and precautions involved nullith the use of an
46、alog instruments.2null2 Sinnullle-nullannulle versus Multi-nullannulle InstrunullentsnullInstruments may be single-range or multi-range. Most digital instruments that are currently available are of the multi-range type. If appropriately usednullsingle-range instruments are enullually viable tools in
47、 the photometric laboratory.Most multi-range digital instruments are designed to automatically select the most appropriate range for the values being measured. Regardless of the type of instrument being usednull care must be tanullen to ensure that the readings are in the upper portion of the scale
48、of the instrument. nullo highlight the neces-sity of proper range selectionnull consider the follonulling enullamplenullnullnull If a dc ammeter on a ten-ampere range is specified by the manufacturer to be accurate nullithin one-half percent of full scalenull one-half percent of ten amperes is null.
49、nullnull amperes. 2null If the measured current is read as five amperesnull null.nullnull ampere represents one percent of the measured value.nullnull If the measured current is read as one amperenull null.nullnull ampere represents five percent of the measured value.2nullnull Calinullrationnull Instruments used in the photometric laboratory shall be maintained according to an appropriate calibra-tion schedule. nullhe manufacturernulls recommended calibration schedule should be follonulled unless the laboratorynulls assessment of the instrumentnulls stability and the renulluired uncertainty f
