1、ANSI/IES RP-28-07Lighting and the visual environmentfor senior livingANSI/IESNA RP-28-07Recommended Practice for Lighting and the Visual Environmentfor Senior LivingPublication of this Recommended Practice has been approved by the IESNA. Suggestions for revisions should be directed to the IESNAPrepa
2、red by: The IESNA Lighting for the Aged and Partially Sighted Committee Copyright 2007 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.Approved by the IESNA Board of Directors, May 7, 2007, as a Transaction of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.Approved as American Nation
3、al Standard July 6, 2007All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the IESNA.Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New Yo
4、rk 10005.IESNA Standards and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IESNA Office in New York. Careful attention is given to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in this docu-ment, please forward them to Rita Harrold, Director Educational and Technical Development
5、, at the above address for verification and correction. The IESNA welcomes and urges feedback and comments. Printed in the United States of America.ISBN # 978-0-87995-223-5ANSI/IESNA RP-28-07DISCLAIMERIESNA publications are developed through the consensus standards development process approved by th
6、e American National Standards Institute. This process brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the IESNA administers the process and establishes policies and procedures to promote fairness in the development of co
7、nsensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein. The IESNA disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indir
8、ectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this documentIn issuing and making this document available, the IESNA is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the IESNA undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person
9、 or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reason-able care in any given circumstances.The IESNA has no power, nor does it undertake, to polic
10、e or enforce compliance with the contents of this docu-ment. Nor does the IESNA list, certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance with this document. Any certification or statement of compliance with the requirements of this document shall not be attributable to the I
11、ESNA and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement.ANSI/IESNA RP-28-07Prepared by the IESNA Lighting for the Elderly and Partially Sighted CommitteeIESNA Lighting for the Elderly and Partially Sighted CommitteeRaymond W. Yeager, ChairJeanne M. Halloin, SecretaryAMERICAN
12、 NATIONAL STANDARDApproval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria have been met by the standards developer.Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial ag
13、ree-ment has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution.The use of
14、 American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards.The American Na
15、tional Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation to any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue and interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standar
16、ds Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard.CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that acti
17、on be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of approval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. C. P. BorzymB. BrawleyM. L. Crawf
18、ordP. A. Dee, Jr.R. J. DupuyM. FigueiroI. L. FraleyD. J. GeymanA. K. Gleed*M. B. Gotti*R. B. HadleyR. P. HerrettM. F. Holick*M. KaplanT. K. McGowanN. J. MillerE. H. Morel*E. Noell-WaggonerJ. E. RobertsC. Singer*D. H. Slay*P. SloaneD. O. StaatsE. J. van SomerenN. H. Waff* Advisory MembersSpecial Reco
19、gnition to Barbara Erwine for writing Section 6.0: Daylighting for Senior HousingContents1.0 Introduction 11.1 Demographics 21.2 Light for Visual Tasks and Vitality 21.3 Energy Conservation 22.0 Lighting Considerations for the Elderly 22.1 Lighting for Vision 32.2 Task-Dependent Factors . 32.3 Viewe
20、r-Dependent Factors 62.4 Application to the Elderly 62.4.1 Lighting for Persons with Low Vision .62.4.1.1 The Nature of Scatter .62.4.1.2 Controlling and Reducing Scattered Light for Individuals with Severe Pre-Retinal Scatter .82.4.2 Lighting for Persons with Retinal Dysfunction 92.5 Older Eyes: Sp
21、ecial Needs 102.6 Age Related Changes in Vision 103.0 The Quality of Lighting . 113.1 Glare . 113.1.1 Dealing with Disability Glare 123.1.2 Limiting Discomfort Glare 123.2 Flicker 133.3 Adaptation Issues 143.4 Spectral Power Distribution 153.5 Shadows 153.6 Modeling of Faces . 173.7 Veiling Luminanc
22、e 173.8 Summary of Lighting Considerations to Improve Visibility . 173.9 Helpful Designs and Hardware . 183.9.1 Windows and Luminance Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183.9.2 Residential Appearance213.9.3 Lighting the Task .223.9.4 Lighting the Safe
23、Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233.9.5 Comfort and Safety Accents 253.9.6 Luminaire Placement253.10 Design Issues . 263.10.1 Appearance of Space and Luminaires .263.10.2 Color Appearance (and Color Contrast) 273.10.3 Daylighting Inte
24、gration and Control273.10.4 Direct Glare 283.10.5 Flicker (and Strobe) 283.10.6 Light Distribution on Surfaces 283.10.7 Light Distribution on Task Plane (Uniformity) 283.10.8 Luminances of Room Surfaces.283.10.9 Modeling of Faces or Objects 283.10.10 Point(s) of Interest 283.10.11 Reflected Glare 28
25、3.10.12 Shadows .283.10.13 Source/Task/Eye Geometry.283.10.14 Sparkle/Desirable Reflected Highlights293.10.15 Surface Characteristics 293.10.16 System Control and Flexibility.293.10.17 Special Considerations 294.0 Area-Specific Lighting Solutions. 294.1 Lighting Modifications to Existing Private Hom
26、es. 294.1.1 Porches, Exterior Steps, and Garages 304.1.2 Hobbies 324.2 Limited Daylight in Apartments and Condominiums 324.3 Congregate Housing Building Entrance Transitions . 334.4 Corridors and Common Areas . 344.5 Stairs and Elevators 354.6 Apartment Entries 364.7 Living Areas. 374.8 Private Dini
27、ng Areas 384.9 Congregate Dining Area 404.10 Kitchens . 404.11 Bedrooms . 414.12 Bathrooms . 424.13 Activity Areas 434.14 Television and Conversation Lounges 434.15 Computer Rooms . 444.16 Billiard and Pool Tables 444.17 Ping Pong Tables . 444.18 Card Game and Board Game Areas 444.19 Music Stands an
28、d Podiums. 454.20 Libraries and Reading Activities 454.21 Special Eyewear and Large-Print Media 464.22 Telephones and Directories. 464.23 Indoor Signs and Bulletin Boards . 464.24 Outdoor Signs 474.25 Outside Walkway Transition Areas . 474.26 Parking Lots and Garages 484.27 Low Vision . . . . . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485.0 Economic Considerations of Senior Residence Lighting 495.1 Lighting Controls That Save Energy 505.2 Lighting Controls That Remove Hazards. 506.0 Daylighting for Senior Housin
30、g 526.1 Advantages of Daylighting 526.2 Daylight Availability 536.3 Understanding Daylight Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556.3.1 Toplighting 556.3.2 Sidelighting556.4 Daylighting Analysis Methods . 566.5 Guidelines for Good D
31、aylighting Design. 57References . 59Normative Annex A Circadian System . 63A1.0 The Aging Circadian System . 63A2.0 Lighting Characteristics Affecting the Human Circadian System 64A3.0 Light and the Aging Circadian System 64Normative Annex B Sunlights Effect Upon the Bodys Natural Synthesis of Vitam
32、in D . 69Informative Annex C Low Vision 721ANSI/IESNA RP-28-07Recommend Practice for Lighting and the Visual Environment for Senior Living1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) has made lighting recommendations since the publication of the first lighting handbo
33、ok in 1947 to the present edition. Those recommendations have been based on a variety of considerations and have been derived from experience with “what works,” as well as from more scientifically determined models of visual performance. By and large, where data have been utilized either to design a
34、 specification system or to validate a particular recommendation, these data have represented a relatively young (20-30 year-old) population group.This recommended practice is the authority for light-ing recommendations for older people. The current IESNA recommendations do not make allowances for o
35、lder persons. Generally, the visual requirements of older persons are different from younger persons. Advanced age is accompanied by changes in the eye, and visual nervous system. Recognizing these changes and their effects is essential to mitigating their impact. With advancing age the total light
36、trans-mittance of the eye decreases (see Figure 1). The pupil, for example, becomes smaller and reduces the amount of light entering the eye. The loss of lenticular transparency scatters light and reduces the appar-ent contrast between objects. The change from pale to deep yellowing of the lens chan
37、ges the colors of objects in the visual field. The reduced ability to focus on objects results in increased blur. An increase in the prevalence of ocular disease with increasing age contributes to the need for special attention to the lighting requirements of older persons. As the population ages, i
38、t is increasingly important that these requirements be addressed to assure the comfort, productivity, and quality of life for the elderly.The lighting environment affects more than vision. There are photobiological effects as well. These include effects upon circadian rhythm and vitamin D synthesis.
39、 Direct exposure to the intensity of daylight declines dramatically as the mobility of a person decreases. This restricts the person to the interior environment where lighting conditions are often less than adequate.While the daytime visible light levels needed to drive circadian rhythms can be foun
40、d outside even on a Figure 1. The transmittance of the human eye plotted as a function of age.9As people get older, they may require greater illuminance to offset the reduction in the amount of light reaching the retinas of their eyes. 2ANSI/IESNA RP-28-07cloudy day, comparable light levels are rare
41、ly found inside private homes and care facilities. It is also essential for private homes and care facilities to offer dark spaces in the evening for sleeping. Insufficient daytime light and evening darkness can result in health and wellness problems such as a disrupted sleep/wake cycle. Only 20 per
42、cent of older people report no difficulties with sleep.1Inadequate sunlight exposure of the skin has an effect on the production of vitamin D needed for develop-ment and maintenance of strong bones and muscles. A second source of vitamin D is through the consump-tion of vitamin D fortified foods and
43、/or dietary supple-ments. This avoids the risk of overexposure to UVB which is a cause of skin cancer.71Insufficient dermal sunlight exposure impairs calcium metabolism and results in decreased bone mass and muscle weak-ness,2contributing to falls and fractures.3The Surgeon General Richard Carmona,
44、MD., MPH FACS, warns that by the year 2020, 50 percent of those over age 50 will be at risk for fractures from osteoporosis and low bone mass if no immediate action is taken by individu-als at risk.4Convenient access to outdoor areas will encourage people to take advantage of the therapeu-tic impact
45、 of free sunlight.1.1 DemographicsBetween the years of 1995 and 2030, it is anticipated that the elderly will increase numerically and as a per-centage of total population in all developed countries. Numerical increases will be especially pronounced in Canada and Japan, where the elderly head count
46、will more than double. The United States also will experi-ence a relatively sharp increase (almost 90 percent) in the number of people age 65 an older. Projections indicate that by 2030 there will be more people over age 65 than under age 17 in the U.S.5This older populations growth will impact many
47、 indus-tries with particularly great demands placed on build-ing construction and healthcare. However, few people have considered the potential impact lighting can have upon the aging populations health and quality of life. This document addresses the special lighting needs of the aging population.
48、1.2 Light for Visual Tasks and VitalityAs people age they become more dependant on their environment to compensate for increasing frailty and sensory loss. Appropriate lighting conditions help maximize personal independence while promot-ing health, well-being, and safety. Many age-related changes in
49、 the visual system can be compensated for by proper illumination. In a study conducted by Sorensen and Brunnstrom in private homes in Sweden, a direct correlation was discovered between “good” illumination in an older persons residence and that persons quality of life. The study defined good illumination as: a sufficient quantity of light, appropriate direction of the light, good contrast, and light that does not cause glare. Physical condition, appetite, general good health, and self-confidence improved with good quality light-ing. In addition loneliness, anxiety, and temper were
