1、TER-GOVERN MARITIME CONSULTATIVE ORGANIZATI ON LONDON INTER-GOVERNMENTAL MARITIME CONSULTATIVE ORGANIZATION REPORT of the SYMPOSIUM ON PREVENTION OF MARINE POLLUTION FROM SHIPS held in Acapulco, Mexico 22 - 31 March 1976 LONDON 1976 Published by the I nter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organiza
2、tion, London IMCO 1976 CONTENTS Page Preface . Report of the Symposium Introduction . Summary of Proceedings . Session I . General Review of the 1973 Convention . Session II . National and Regional Arrangements Session III . Construction, Equipment and Operation of Chemical Tankers . Session IV . Se
3、gregated Ballast Tankers . Session V . Oily-Water Separators and Oil Monitoring and Control Equipment . Session VI . Operation of Oil Tankers Session VI1 . Reception Facilities in Ports . Session VI11 . Sewage and Garbage from Ships . Session IX . Contingency Planning Collection Session XI . Methods
4、 for Dealing with Spillages General Discussion . , . Session X . Measures for Control, Detection and Data Annex I . Programme for the Symposium Annex II . List of Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7 7 10 10 14 20 27 30 35 41 48 52 56 63 70 72 77 3 PREFACE 1. In pursuance of its
5、responsibilities for the prevention and control of marine pollution from ships, the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) convened in London in October 1973, an International Conference on Marine Pollution with the main objective of achieving the complete elimination of intent
6、ional pollution of the sea by oil and noxious substances other than oil and the minimization of accidental spills. 2. The Conference concluded the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 which broadened earlier regulations for dealing with oil pollution and introduc
7、ed new control measures for dealing with other forms of pollution from ships, such as noxious liquid substances, sewage and garbage. 3. In order to enhance the activities of the Organization relating to marine pollution, which had hitherto been carried out by the Sub-committee on Marine Pollution of
8、 the Maritime Safety Committee, the IMCO Assembly, in November 1973, created a new subsidiav body, the Marine Environment Protection Com- mittee (MEPC) (Resolution A.297(VIII). The main functions of this Committee were to co-ordinate and administer all activities of the Organization in the field of
9、marine pollution and to carry out specific functions arising from the 1973 Conven- tion or other marine pollution conventions of which IMCO is the depositary. 4. While generally believing that the new Convention, when implemented, wiil substantially achieve the objective of the 1973 Conference, the
10、MEPC recognized the need to appraise and understand many complex technical issues arising from the new requirements in order to ensure the early acceptance and entry into force of the Convention. 5. It was the view of the MEPC that the resolution of these questions called for a concerted effort on t
11、he part of governments, industries, institutions and indivi- duals concerned in the implementation of the new provisions. To this end there- fore, the Committee decided at its second session, to convene the Symposium and gratefully accepted the generous offer of the Government of Mexico to provide t
12、he necessary facilities in Mexico. The objective of the Symposium was to discuss various scientific, technical and economic implications of the 1973 Convention and to exchange views on ways and means for complying with its requirements. It was the view of the Committee that the Symposium would assis
13、t, not only developing countries, but also all other countries in the early acceptance and implementation of the 1973 Convention. 6. In order to carry out the preparatory work, the MEPC established an Organi- zing Committee composed of representatives from France, Federal Republic of Germany, Mexico
14、, United Kingdom, United States of America and an observer from the International Chamber of Shipping. This Committee, under the Chairman- ship of Mr. A. Rosental (Mexico) decided on such matters as the programme, selec- tion of papers, and other necessary organizational details. 4 7. At its third s
15、ession the MEPC affirmed that the Symposium would assist all governments in ratifying and implementing the 1973 Convention and emphasized the desirability of wide participation. With this in view, an approach was made to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) for financial support to enable
16、 developing countries to participate. The Committee expressed its apprecia- tion to UNEP for this support which considerably facilitated the participation of many such countries. 5 REPORT OF THE SYMPOSIUM INTRODUCTION 1. The Symposium was convened jointly by IMCO and the Government of Mexico at the
17、Cultural and Convention Centre, Acapulco, from 22 to 31 March 1976. The Symposium was attended by some 270 participants from 69 countries. These included wide representation from governments, port authorities, research institutions, maritime organizations and environmental interest groups, as well a
18、s individuals involved in various aspects and problems of marine pollution. A complete list of participants, including the Secretariat, is shown at Annex II. 2. At the opening of the Symposium the Secretary-General of IMCO, Mr. C.P. Srivastava, expressed the Organizations appreciation to the Governm
19、ent of Mexico for its help in arranging for and hosting the Symposium. He described IMCOs activities for the prevention and control of marine pollution in the context of the objectives of the Symposium, with particular emphasis on the need for ratifi- cation and implementation of Conventions for whi
20、ch the Organization is deposi- tary, and the promotion of technical assistance to developing countries. An official opening address and welcome was then delivered on behalf of the President of Mexico, by Almirante C.G. D.E.M.N. Luis M. Bravo Carrera, Secretary for the Navy in the Government of Mexic
21、o. 3. At the commencement of the proceedings, Contralmirante Gilberto Lopz Lira, General Director of Oceanography and Maritime Secretary for the Navy (Mexico) was nominated President of the Symposium. 4. The Programme for the Symposium, as compiled by the Organizing Com- mittee, is shown at Annex I.
22、 As indicated therein the proceedings were conducted in eleven separate sessions each of which was devoted to a specific topic area. A Chairman and a Rapporteur were appointed to conduct the discussions in each session as shown hereunder: Session I - General Review of the 1973 Convention Chairman: M
23、r. Per Eriksson (Sweden) Rapporteur: Mr. J.L. Kateka (Tanzania) Session II - National and Regional Arrangements Chairman: Mr. Per Eriksson (Sweden) Rapporteur: Mr. J.L. Kateka (Tanzania) Session III - Construction, Equipment and Operation of Chemical Tankers Mr. R.K. Roberts (United Kingdom) Chairma
24、n: Mr. P. Gurin (France) Rapporteur: Session IV - Segregated Ballast Tankers Chairman: Rapporteur: Dr. Ing. L. Spinelli (Italy) Cdr. J.D. Sipes (United States) Session V - Oily-Water Separators and Oil Monitoring and Control Equipment Chairman: Rapporteur: Dr. Ing. L. Spinelli (Italy) Cdr. J.D. Sipe
25、s (United States) Session VI - Operation of Oil Tankers Chairman: Ing. A. Straffon (Mexico) Rapporteur: Mr. J.C.S. Horrocks (United Kingdom) Session VII - Reception Facilities in Ports Chairman: Captain J.F. Schwarz (Argentina) Rapporteur: Mr. C.A. Walder (United Kingdom) Session VIII - Sewage and G
26、arbage from Ships Chairman: Mr. R.W. Parsons (Canada) Rapporteur: Mr. J. Schormann (Canada) Session IX - Contingency Planning Chairman: Captain P.R. Holmes (Australia) Rapporteur: Lt. Cdr. G.H. Brown (United States) Session X - Measures for Control, Detection and Data Collection Chairman: Mr. R. Van
27、craeynest (Belgium) Rapporteur: Mr. H.D. Van Cleave (United States) Session XI - Methods for Dealing with Spillages Chairman: Rapporteur: Rear-Admiral R.I. Price (United States) Mr. J. Wardley Smith (United Kingdom) 5. As listed in Annex I, a total of 53 papers were submitted to the Symposium by rep
28、resentatives from governments, institutions and industries and other experts in their individual capacities. At each working session each paper was presented by the Author or Authors, followed by questions and comments on the papers. With a view to highlighting the principal points raised in the pro
29、ceedings of each working session, a summary of each presentation and of the ensuing discussion in the working sessions is given in the Summary of Proceedings. 6. It was the general view that the outcome of the Symposium will contribute substantially towards a better understanding of many of the comp
30、lex problems arising from the provisions of the 1973 Convention. The papers prepared by eminent experts and the points raised in discussion of these presentations, 8 addressed many areas in which research and study has been made or is in progress. This information will prove useful reference materia
31、l for further work in these fields. It will also help to avoid unnecessary duplication of research effort in developing standards and procedures for the prevention, control and abatement of marine pollution, particularly in ensuring that the 1973 Convention will be effec- tive in practice. 7. The Sy
32、mposium also provided an excellent opportunity for individual con- sultations between experts and those seeking information and advice on specific problems relating to marine pollution, including such aspects as contingency planning and methods of dealing with spillages, etc. Such discussions, toget
33、her with numerous films, and video tapes shown during the Symposium, were of considerable benefit to all concerned, particularly to participants from developing countries in identifying and assessing the need for, and nature of, technical assistance require- ments in this field. 8. The Symposium pro
34、vided valuable background material from which partici- pants will doubtless be able to identify important matters which require further consideration and action at the international, regional or national level or by the industry concerned. The participants should pursue the examination of these matt
35、ers with a view to initiating action through the appropriate authorities. Additionally, the Symposium will play a unique and useful catalytic role in provid- ing valuable input to the future work of the Marine Environment Protection Com- mittee, the Maritime Safety Committee, and the Committee on Te
36、chnical Co-opera- tion. 9. At the closing of the Symposium the Chairman of the IMCO Council (Rear- Admiral R.Y. Edwards, United States), speaking on behalf of the Organization, expressed appreciation to the Government of Mexico for the excellent arrangements made for both the working sessions and ex
37、tra-sessional activities of the Symposium. He also extended his appreciation to the Chairmen and Rapporteurs and all the participants for their co-operation and assistance to bring the deliberations of the Symposium to a most useful and productive conclusion. The President of the Symposium, speaking
38、 on behalf of the Government of Mexico, congratulated all participants on the success of the Symposium and thanked the IMCO Secretariat for the support it had provided. 9 SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM SESSION I - GENERAL REVIEW OF THE 1973 CONVENTION 1. The theme of the Session was the pro
39、gress which has been made in the pre- vention of pollution from ships through action related to the ratification and bring- ing into force of related international conventions, in particular the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954 as amended in 1962, 1969
40、 and 1971 and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollu- tion from Ships, 1973. 2. Four papers were presented, addressing respectively the international developments in the field of prevention and control of marine pollution from ships, and a review of the 1973 Convention as the most
41、recent and comprehensive agreement from the associated countries and industry. The following is a summary of each of the presentations prepared by the Authors. Paper 1/1 - International Measures for the Prevention and Control of Pollution from Ships by Y. Sasamura (IMCO Secretariat) 3. The paper con
42、tained a broad historical review of developments in the field of prevention and control. of marine pollution from ships, which had taken place in the international community since oil was first carried as a cargo in the latter half of the nineteenth century. In the introductory section, the paper sh
43、owed the growth in the transport of oil by sea and the growing awareness of oil pollution as a problem requiring international control which led to the convening of conferences such as the International Conference on Pollution of the Sea by Oil held in Washington in 1926. Particular attention was pa
44、id to the significance of the Inter- national Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954 as amended in 1962 and also amendments thereto adopted in 1969 and 1971. 4. The Author stressed the importance of the 1969 Amendments to the 1954 Oil Pollution Convention which would cons
45、titute a significant step forward towards the ultimate goal of the total prohibition of oil discharge. These Amendments, which were a logical step towards the implementation of the 1973 Convention and had been accepted by 28 States, still required a further 8 acceptances to bring them into force. 5.
46、 The paper illustrated developments during the past 20 years such as the increasing quantities of oil and other pollutants transported by sea and the size and, types of ships in use. In particular, the quantities of crude oil transported by sea increased from 150 million tons to 1,400 million tons b
47、etween 1954 and 1974, with a corresponding increase in tanker fleets. These developments provided the background for the formulation of control measures to prevent and control pollu- tion not only by oil, but also by noxious chemical substances, sewage and garbage from ships. The Author briefly desc
48、ribed the preparatory work done by IMCO 10 bodies for the International Conference on Marine Pollution, 1973, and its out- come. The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, adopted by the Conference, would substantially achieve the main objectives of the Conference
49、. 6. The paper outlined the continuing work carried out by MEPC and other bodies of IMCO in order to expedite the entry into force of the 1973 Convention, and on other problems such as the abatement of pollution should it occur, the pre- vention of maritime accidents, technical assistance and legal work relating to marine pollution. 7. In conclusion, the Author stressed that no conventions would be effective unless they were brought into force, effectively enforced and universally imple- mented. The major effort of IMCO should, therefore, be directed to the following three areas: Reso
