1、INTERNATIONALMARITIMEORGANIZATIONISBN 978-92-801-4237-29 789280 142372Sales number: I947EApocketguidetoRecoveryTechniques2007editionINTERNATIONALMARITIMEORGANIZATIONGuidetoRecoveryTechniquesGuidetoRecoveryTechniquesFirstpublishedin2007bytheInternationalMaritimeOrganization4AlbertEmbankment,LondonSE1
2、7SRPrintedintheUnitedKingdombyPolestarWheatonsLtd.2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1IMOPUBLICATIONSalesnumber:I947EISBN:978-92-801-4237-2CopyrightInternationalMaritimeOrganization2007Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformwithoutthepriorpermissioninw
3、ritingfromtheInternationalMaritimeOrganization.Acknowledgements:IllustrationsadaptedwithkindpermissionoftheMaritimeandCoastguardAgencyoftheUnitedKingdom.Contents1 Introduction:yourpartinrecoveryatsea 12 Aimsofthisguide 33 Thetaskofrecovery:possibleproblems 44 Planningforrecovery 85 Providingassistan
4、cepriortorecovery 96 Therecoveryprocess 117 Bringingpeopletothesideoftheship 128 Gettingpeopleaboardtheship:factorstoconsider 169 Gettingpeopleaboardtheship:climbingandlifting 2310 Standingbywhenpeoplecannotberecovered 2811 Immediatecareofpeoplerecovered 3012 Conclusions 32Appendix 33Additionalinfor
5、mationbasedonVolumeIIIoftheIAMSARManualGuidetoRecoveryTechniques1 INTRODUCTION:YOURPARTINRECOVERYATSEA1.1 Asaseafarer,youmaysuddenlybefacedwithhavingtorecoverpeopleindistressatsea.Thismightbeapersonoverboardfromyourownshipafellowcrewmember, or a passenger or your ship might beresponding to someone e
6、lses emergency; forexampleashipabandonedbecauseofflooding,fireoraditchedaircraft.1.2 Youmayhavetoprepare,withlittleornonotice,torecoverpeoplemaybeverymanypeople.Whoevertheyare,theirlivesmaybeinyourhands.1.3 Inmanyareasoftheworld,especiallywhenoutofrange of shore-based search and rescue (SAR)faciliti
7、es,yourshipmaybethefirst,ortheonly,rescueunit to reach them. Even if you are joined byspecializedunits,youwillstillhaveavitalroletoplay,especiallyinamajorincident.Ifyouarerequiredtorecoverpeopleindistress,itisyourcapabilityandyourshipthatmatters.Youmayhavetofindauniquesolutiontoauniquelife-savingpro
8、blem.Toensurethatyoucanrespondsafelyandeffectively,youneedtothinkaboutthegeneralissuesbeforehand.1.4 The recovery process is often far from simple. Forexample,itmaybecomplicatedby:.1 differenceinsizebetweenyourshipandthesurvivalcraft: survivors may have to climb or be liftedconsiderabledistancestoge
9、tintoyourship;.2 differencesinrelativemovementbetweenyourshipandthesurvivalcraftalongside:itmaybedifficulttokeepthesurvivalcraftalongsideandforsurvivorstogetontoladdersetcorinthroughshellopenings;or.3 physicalcapabilityofthosetoberecovered:iftheyare incapacitated, they may be able to do little ornot
10、hingtohelpthemselves.1GuidetoRecoveryTechniquesGuidetoRecoveryTechniques2 AIMSOFTHISGUIDE2.1 Thisguidefocusesonrecoveryandtheworkyoumayhavetodotoachieveit.Theneedforrecoveryisrare,and your ship may not be designed for the task.However,youmayfindyourselffacedwithhavingtoattemptit.2.2 This guide is in
11、tended to be used as a referencedocument.Youshouldreaditnowandyoushouldrefertoitagainwhileproceedingtothesceneoftheemergency, as part of your preparation for therecoveryoperation.2.3 Theguidesprincipalaimsaretohelpyouasmasterorcrewofarespondingshipto:.1 ASSESS and decide upon appropriate means ofrec
12、overyaboardyourownvessel;.2 TRAIN in the use of these means of recovery, ingeneralpreparationforemergencies;and.3 PREPAREyourselvesandyourvesselwhenactuallyrespondingtoanemergency.2.4 ThisguidesupportstherecoveryguidanceinVolumeIIIoftheInternationalAeronauticalandMaritimeSearchandRescue(IAMSAR)Manua
13、l,MOBILEFACILITIES,which should be available on board. Additionalguidanceisalsointheappendixtothisguide.2.5 Recoverygettingpeopleindistressontoyourship is just a part of the overall rescue operation. ForguidanceonSARoperationsasawholeyoushouldrefertotheIAMSARManual.2.6 Forsimplicity,thisguidereferst
14、olifeboats,liferafts,etc.assurvivalcraft.Itisalsopossiblethatyouwillberecoveringpeoplefromothersmallcraftsuchas:smallSARunits;directlyfromsmallvesselsindistresssuchasyachtsorfishingboats;orfromthewater,1.5 This guide discusses some of these underlyingproblems, as well as some of the solutions. Itsug
15、gestssomepracticalrecoverytechniqueswhichhave been used successfully to recover people indistress.3GuidetoRecoveryTechniques2GuidetoRecoveryTechniques3.2 Unless it is properly prepared for, the recoveryprocessmaybeadifficultanddangerousoperation.Thefollowinglistcoverssomeoftheproblemswhichyoumayhave
16、toface:.1 Recovery from survival craft is not simple seeparagraph3.3below.2 Inarapidoruncontrolled abandonment,whennoteverybodyhasbeenabletogetintosurvivalcraft,youmay also find people in the water, or clinging tofloatingwreckage,etc.Thesepeoplearelesslikelytobe able to help themselves than if they
17、were insurvivalcraft.Norwilltheysurvivesolong.3 Peoplemaystillbeaboardthecraftindistressanddirect recovery may be required without theintermediateuseofsurvivalcraft.4 Small craft are especially vulnerable if they are incloseproximitytoyourship.Theirmasts,riggingorothergearmaybecomeentangledandtherei
18、sthedanger of crushing or other damage as the twovesselsmoveintheseaway.5 Peoplemayneedtoberecoveredfromotherplaceswhichtheyhavereachedbeforeyourarrival(rocks,reefs,sandbanks,shorelinesonlyaccessiblefromthesea,navigationalmarks,mooredvessels,etc.).6 In addition to recovering people yourself, you may
19、havetoreceivepeoplefromotherSARunitssuchasrescueboatsorhelicopters.Theseunitsmaywishtotransfer people to your ship rather than take themdirectly ashore, so that they can return to pick upothers more quickly. Many of the problemsassociatedwithrecoveringpeoplefromsurvivalcraftalso apply to the transfe
20、r of people from (small)rescueboatsinto(large)ships.7 Transfer from helicopters has its own specialrequirements,includingtrainingandpreparationonboard see IAMSAR Manual Volume III Section 2:Helicopteroperations.etc. In general the same recovery principles applythroughout.3 THETASKOFRECOVERY:POSSIBLE
21、PROBLEMS3.1 Whenproceedingtothesceneofanemergencyatsea, it is likely that you will only have limitedinformation about what you will find when you getthere.Whatyoumaywellfindarepeopleinsurvivalcraft or in the water. You should prepare for theirrecovery.5GuidetoRecoveryTechniques47 SCALE: the sheer si
22、ze of the problem can bedauntingandthestressofthesituationmayleadyoutolosefocusandefficiency. PRIORITY:whoshouldberecoveredfirst?Itisclearthatpeopleinthewatershouldtakepriorityoverthoseinsurvivalcraft.Itislessclearwhethertheinjuredorinfirmshouldtakepriorityoverthemore capable, who can be recovered m
23、orequickly. RESOURCES: facilities aboard your ship maybecomeoverwhelmed.Survivorswillneedshelterand, subsequently, warmth, water, food and,probably,somemedicalattention. PEOPLE: you will need sufficient numbers ofpeopletonavigateyourship,operatethemeansofrecoveryandescortthoserecoveredtoshelter.3.3
24、Therearelikelytobefurthercomplications,evenafteracontrolledevacuationinwhichpeoplehaveenteredsurvivalcraftsuccessfully.1 Typesofsurvivalcraftvary. Poweredsurvivalcraftmaybeabletomanoeuvrethemselvesalongsidetherecoveringship(yourship),butthosewithoutpowercannotdoso. Manysurvivalcraftarecoveredandthes
25、ecoversmay not be removable. Covers assist survivalwhilewaitingforhelptoarrive,buttheycangetinthewayduringtherecoveryprocess.Gettingoutofenclosedsurvivalcraftmaybedifficultwhenthe craft is in a seaway, particularly if the exitpointsaresmallanddifficulttonegotiate.2 Thoseawaitingrecoverymaylacktheabi
26、litytohelpthemselvesortohelpotherstohelpthem.Thismaybebecauseofinjury,illness(includingseasicknessafteraperiodinasurvivalcraft),theeffectsofcoldor heat, age (whether elderly or very young) orinfirmity.3 Itislikelythatpeopleawaitingrecoverywillhavelittleornoexperienceoftransferringbetweensmallcraftli
27、ketheirsurvivalcraftandlargeronessuchasyourship.Forexample,steppingontoapilotladderandthenclimbingitisnotdifficultforafitpersonusedtodoingso,butthismaybeeffectivelyimpossibleforothers.4 Theremaybelanguagedifficulties.Ifinstructionsarenotproperlyunderstood,theconsequencesmaybedangerous.Youmaynothavea
28、languageincommonwiththepersontoberecoveredand,evenwhenyoudo,theymaynotunderstandyourinstructions.5 Theremaybealargenumberofpeopletorecover.Inthe case of a passenger ship, this number mayamount to hundreds or even thousands of people.This possibility brings additional problems with it,including:Guide
29、toRecoveryTechniques GuidetoRecoveryTechniques694.3 Effectiverecoveryofsurvivorswillonlyoccurthroughplanningandpreparation:.1 haveaplan;.2 makesureeveryoneunderstandstheplanandtheirownplaceinit;.3 beprepared;and.4 have everyone ready, with all the equipment theyneed,beforecommencingtherecoveryoperat
30、ion.4.4 Youmaynothavemuchtimetothinkaboutdetailswhen the emergency happens; but if you havethoughtaboutyourcapabilitiesbeforehandandyouhavetrainedtousethemeffectivelyinshort,ifyouarepreparedyouwillnotneedmuchtime.4.5 Rememberthatplansareofnouseunlessyouknowhowtoputthemintoeffect.Thisrequirestraining
31、andthetestingofbothplansandtrainingbyexercise.5 PROVIDINGASSISTANCEPRIORTORECOVERY5.1 People can still die after you have found them butbeforeyoucangetthemonboard.Recoverytakestimeandthoseindistressmaynothavemuchtime,especiallyiftheyareinthewater,unprotectedand/orunsupported.Youshouldbereadytohelpt
32、hemstayaliveuntilyouareabletorecoverthem.5.2 Dependingonhowlongtherecoveryislikelytotake,theymayneed:.1 buoyancy aids such as lifebuoys, lifejackets andliferafts;.2 detectionaidssuchashigh-visibility/retro-reflectivematerial,lights,aSARTandanEPIRB;4 PLANNINGFORRECOVERY4.1 Thecircumstancesyoufindwhen
33、youarriveatthescenewilldifferfromincidenttoincident;butgeneralplanningcan,andshould,bedone.4.2 In planning how best to bring people aboard yourship,youshouldconsider:.1 whowillberequiredfortherecoveryprocess;.2 whowillmanagetheshipinthemeantime;.3 whatcanbedonetohelppeoplepriortorecovery;.4 themeans
34、ofrecoveryavailabletoyou;.5 whereontheshipthesurvivorsshouldbetakenafterrecovery;.6 howtheywillbelookedafteroncetheyareaboard;and.7 how you will keep your own crew and passengersinformedofwhatsgoingon.GuidetoRecoveryTechniques GuidetoRecoveryTechniques8116 THERECOVERYPROCESS6.1 Duringtherecoveryproc
35、essitself,therewillbethreebasictaskstocomplete:.1 bringingpeopletothesideoftheshipsothattheycanberecovered;.2 gettingpeopleintotheship;and.3 dealingwiththemoncetheyareaboard.6.2 Someinformationoneachoftheabovetasksisgivenbelow. Think carefully about each of them in yourplanningandpreparation.Ifyouha
36、vedoneso,therecoveryprocessshouldbeeasierwhenyouhavetocarryitout.1 PREPAREyourmeansofrecoverybeforeyouarriveatthescene;.2 PREPAREyourselfandyourcrewbeforeyouarriveatthe scene. Everyone should know their duties andsticktothemasmuchaspossible;.3 PREPARE on-board communications, so thatlookouts and the
37、 recovery team will be able tocommunicatereadilywiththeBridgeteam;.4 THINKabouttheapproachbeforemakingit: DETERMINE what will be the most significantfactorincreatingaleeforthecasualtywind,seaorswell; ASSESSnavigationalhazardsonscene; DECIDEonwhichsideyouwanttomakethelee,bearing in mind your own ship
38、s manoeuvringcharacteristics; CONSIDERrunningbythecasualtyfirst,iftimepermits,tohelpyoumakeyourassessment; CONSIDER stopping well short of the casualtyduringthefinalapproach,togetthewayoffyour.3 survivalaidssuchasshelter,clothing,drink,foodandfirstaidsupplies;and.4 communications equipment such as a
39、 handheldradio,forexample.5.3 Thesimplerbuoyantitemslifebuoysinparticularcanbedroppedorthrowntothoseindistressonanearlypassbytheship.Ifpossible,contactshouldbeestablished by messenger (e.g. rocket line, rescuethrow-line or heaving line) and the items passedunder control. Remember that not all lines
40、arebuoyant,andthatyouwillneedtogetthemveryclosetothoseindistressiftheyaretohaveachanceofseeingandgettingholdofthem.5.4 Buoyant items may be veered down to those indistresswhiletheshipstandsclear,bydriftingthemdownonlinesmadefasttoalifebuoy,forexample,orbytowingthemintoapositionwherethoseindistressca
41、ngetholdofthem.5.5 If the recovery operation looks like it might beprotracted,oneormoreofyourownliferaftscanbedeployed.Remember,however,thataliferaftmightdriftfasterthanthoseindistresscanswim.Youwillneedtoguideittothepeopleyouareassisting,andthis means making a line fast to the raft beforedeploying
42、it: do not rely on the rafts own painter,whichmaytearaway.5.6 Youcanalsohelpthoseindistresswhileyoureadyyourshipfortherecoveryoperationbymakingaleeforthemor,ifcontactcanbeestablishedbyline,bytowingthemoutofimmediatedangersuchasthatposedbythewreckitselforbyspilthazardouscargo,orbyaleeshore.GuidetoRec
43、overyTechniques GuidetoRecoveryTechniques1013.2 Itisalsopossibletoover-compensateforthatrisk,so that the survival craft or person will be missedbecausestilltoofaraway.3 Bothyourshipandthetargetarelikelytobeaffected,unequally,bywind,seastate,andwatercurrents.7.3 There may be other factors which make
44、this taskmoredifficultstill.Bepreparedforthem.Forexample:.1 Room to manoeuvre may be limited by nearbynavigationalhazards,ortheremaybemorethanonesurvivalcraftinthearea:youmayhavetoavoidsomewhilemanoeuvringalongsideanother.2 Beware of running down people in the water (whomaybeveryhardtosee)whilemakin
45、gyourapproachtoyourchosentarget.PostgoodlookoutswithdirectcommunicationstotheBridgewhileintheincidentarea.3 Althoughpoweredsurvivalcraftmaybeabletogetthemselves (and other units they are towing)alongsideyourshipandkeepthemselvesthere,thiscanbedifficultinaseaway.Inroughseas,thesurvivalcraftorthepeopl
46、eaboardthemmaybedamagedifthrown against the ships side. Have boat ropesready,andfendersifyouhavethem.4 Peopleinthewatermaybeabletoswim(overshortdistances)togettotheshipsside.Itispossiblethatpeoplewillenterthewaterfromsurvivalcraftinordertodosoasyouapproach,althoughtheyshouldbetoldnottoifpossibleatle
47、astuntilyouarereadytorecoverthem.7.4 Overcomingtheproblemsofmanoeuvringisamatterof seamanship and of preparation. Manoeuvringyourownshipatslowspeed,judgingitsmovementandthatofthesurvivalcraftorpersoninthewater,isaskill.Appropriatetrainingshouldbeencouragedbyownersandoperatorsofallships.vesselandtoas
48、sesstheeffectsofwind,seaandswellwhenstopped/atslowspeeds; APPROACH with the significant element (wind,seaorswell)fineontheweatherbowandyourrecoverytargetfineontheleebow;and asyoucomeuptothecraftorpersoninthewater,TURNAWAYfromtheweatherandstoptocreatethelee,withyourrecoverytargetcloseonyourleeside;.5
49、 ENSUREthatyouhavesufficientlookoutswhocancommunicatewiththeBridge.RememberthatduringthefinalapproachtoasurvivalcraftorapersoninthewatertheymaynotbevisiblefromtheBridge;.6 ENSUREthatthelookoutsknowtheirduties;and.7 BEREADYtoreceivecraftand/orpeoplealongside,with boat ropes rigged and other equipment(includingsafetylinesandbuoyantequipment)readytohand.7 BRINGINGPEOPLETOTHESIDEOFTHESHIP7.1 Ifpeopleinsurvivalcraftorinthewatercannotputthemselves in a position from which they can bebroughtsafelyaboardtherecoveringship,someone(orsomethi
