1、Human-Machine Interface Design for Process ControlHuman-Machine Interface Design for Process ControlJean-Yves FisetHuman-Machine Interface Design for Process ControlCopyright 2009 by ISAInstrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society67 Alexander DriveP.O. Box 12277Research Triangle Park, NC 27709Al
2、l Rights Reserved.Printed in the United States of America.10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2ISBN: 978-1-934394-35-9No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written
3、 permission of the publisher. NoticeThe information presented in this publication is for the general education of the reader. Because neither the author nor the publisher have any control over the use of the information by the reader, both the author and the publisher disclaim any and all liability
4、of any kind arising out of such use. The reader is expected to exercise sound professional judgment in using any of the information presented in a particular application. Additionally, neither the author nor the publisher have investigated or considered the affect of any patents on the ability of th
5、e reader to use any of the information in a particular application. The reader is responsible for reviewing any possible patents that may affect any particular use of the information presented. Any references to commercial products in the work are cited as examples only. Neither the author nor the p
6、ublisher endorses any referenced commercial product. Any trademarks or trade names referenced belong to the respective owner of the mark or name. Neither the author nor the publisher makes any representation regarding the availability of any referenced commercial product at any time. The manufacture
7、rs instructions on use of any commercial product must be followed at all times, even if in conflict with the information in this publication.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataFiset, Jean-Yves.Human-machine interface design for process control / Jean-Yves Fiset.p. cm.Includes bibliogr
8、aphical references and index.ISBN 978-1-934394-35-91. Process control-Data processing. 2. Human-machine systems. I.Title. TS156.8.F565 2009670.4275-dc222008037769To Ccile, Elisabeth, and Monique, for the kindness you bring to this world. To mentors, friends and colleagues, whose questions and challe
9、nges have helped clarify my thinking and understanding.Jean-Yves Fiset, Eng., Ph.D.viiTable of ContentsPreface xiAbout the Author xiiiList of Figures xvList of Tables xvii1 Introduction 1Audience 2Why Design an HMI? 2Organization of the Book 5Paper-based Publications 62 Designing a New HMI. 7Underst
10、anding the User 7Visual Perception 8Memory 10Decision-making 11Internal or Mental Model 12Human Error 13Operator Monitoring 15Linking HMI Design and System Design 16Standards and Guidelines 17Overall HMI Design Process 19Detailed Description of the HMI Design Method 22viii Table of ContentsExample:
11、Newsprint Papermaking 22Planning the User-Centered Design Process 24Description of the Planning Phase 24Example: Carrying Out the Planning Phase 25Understanding and Specifying the Context of Use 26Description of the Context of Use 27Example: Analyzing the Context of Use 30Specifying User and Organiz
12、ational Requirements 34Description of User and Organizational Requirements 34Example: Analyzing User and Organizational Requirements 36Documentation 38Producing Design Solutions 38Production of Design Solutions 40Example: Producing Design Solutions 49Specification of the Resulting HMI 52Integrating
13、Software-based and Hardwired HMIs 53Transition 54References and Additional Readings 54Paper-based Publications 54Web-based Resources 563 Evaluating the Design Against the Requirements 57Description of the Evaluation of Design Solutions 57Heuristic Evaluations 57Example of Heuristic Evaluation 61Usab
14、ility Testing 63Usability Testing Example 67Transition 71References and Additional Readings 71Paper-based Publications 71Web-based Resources 724 Specifying an HMI 73Standards and Guidelines 74How to Specify an HMI 75Ground Rules 75Table of Contents ixStarting to Specify: Introduction 77Specifying Co
15、mmon Elements: General Section 77Specifying Individual Components: Detailed Specification 78An Example of Specification 79References and Additional Readings 82Paper-based Publications 82Web-based Resources 825 Improving an Existing HMI 83Why Improve an Existing HMI? 83Improving an Existing HMIWith D
16、esign Basis 85Improving an Existing HMIWithout Design Basis 89Transition 92References and Additional Readings 936 Continuous, Batch, Discrete and Hybrid Applications 95Designing HMIs for Different Types of Applications 95Transition 987 Integrating Heterogeneous HMIs 99What Integration Means 99Simple
17、 Integration Strategies 100Component-specific Integration Rules 102Allocating Control and Monitoring Functionality to Computerized or Hardwired Panels 102Using Large Screen Displays 105Using Portable and Wireless Devices 107Combining HMI Resources 109Transition 109References and Additional Readings
18、109Paper-based Publications 110Web-based Resources 1108 Overall Organization of HMIs in a Control Room 111Workstations 112Advantages, Disadvantages and Utilization 112x Table of ContentsOrganizing PrinciplesWorkstations 114Organizing PrinciplesAdditional HMI Components 117Locating the HMI Components
19、 118Transition 122References and Additional Readings 122Paper-based Publications 122Web-based Resources 1249 Additional HMI Components 125Operating Procedures 125The Benefits of Procedures 126The Development Process 127Define the Purpose and Scope of the Procedures 127Defining Training Requirements
20、for Using the Procedures 128Specifying How to Write, Validate and Verify Procedures 128Determining the Content of Procedures 130Procedure Design Principles and Rules 130Structuring with Goals 131Complying with and Deviating from Procedure Steps 131Writing Procedure Steps 132Considerations for Comput
21、erized Procedures 132Integration with the HMI 134Decision-Support Systems 136Challenges 137Integration into the HMI 138Conclusion 139Paper-based Publications 140A Design Guidelines and Components . 141Computer-based HMIs 141Hardwired panels 142Large screen displays (LSDs) 142Glossary 165Index 167xiP
22、refaceThis book was written to share a passion: designing human-machineinterfaces that enable organizations to be more efficient and safer,and users to be more satisfied about what they do. When the author was given his first design assignment for a newhuman-machine interface, he realized that in sp
23、ite of the academictraining he had received in this area, he was still ill-equipped to pro-duce the required design. After several years of experience and count-less projects, as well as teaching numerous courses on the same topic,the author realized that it takes some key ingredients to produce goo
24、ddesign: A good understanding of how users comprehend a system and control it. In some cases, this understanding will even force the designer to let go of preconceived ideas about how operators work (the author had to, anyway). A wide knowledge of the appropriate design principles and rules. Those w
25、ill be both generic (applicable across domains) and specific (for a given domain, such as industrial process control). The design principles and rules are usually drawn from specific standards, guidelines and even textbooks. We do not intend to repeat all of those in this book, but rather to provide
26、 you with pointers to the appropriate sources of information. A strong understanding of engineering design in general and of the processes used for designing human-machine interfaces xii Prefacein particular. It is necessary to both understand how to do the interface design itself, and, sometimes ju
27、st as importantly, to understand where and how the interface design will impact the overall design project.There are also unexpected benefits in understanding human-machineinterface design. As you will discover, most equipment or even piecesof information (e.g., documents and Web pages) has an inter
28、face.Interestingly, the approach used to design those interfaces is the sameas the one described in this book; usually, the differences reside in thedetailed design rules, while the overall process and principles remainthe same. In other words, the material in this book will be useful evenoutside th
29、e realm of industrial process control (in much the same wayas arithmetic is used anywhere calculations are required). You will hopefully also find that human-machine interface designoffers a unique occasion to positively affect human and organiza-tional performance, and this is often an exhilirating
30、 experience.Finally, I hope that you will enjoy this material as much as I haveenjoyed writing about it. Jean-Yves Fiset, Eng., Ph.D.xiiiAbout the AuthorJean-Yves Fiset started his career as an electronic technologist for aprocess automation firm where he acquired a fair bit of practical expe-rience
31、 on installation and troubleshooting, and explaining how thosesystems work. This is where he realized the importance of the inter-face between the users and the equipment. He then completed abachelor of engineering (industrial engineering) and a Master ofApplied Sciences (industrial engineering) spe
32、cializing in human fac-tors and artificial intelligence at cole Polytechnique de Montral.After graduating, he went to work for Atomic Energy of Canada(AECL) as a research scientist specializing in human-machine inter-faces, automated emergency operating procedures and control rooms.Concurrently, he
33、started a Ph.D., again at cole Polytechnique deMontral, where his dissertation dealt with the design of human-machine interfaces for monitoring and controlling complex systems.After leaving AECL, Dr. Fiset established Systmes Humains-MachinesInc. (“Shumac”), which specializes in the analysis, design
34、 and valida-tion of high-performance human-machine interfaces in the aero-space, nuclear, military, Web, industrial, banking and software fields.He also teaches (human factors, cognitive engineering, artificial intel-ligence) at the undergraduate and graduate levels since 1991. Overall,he has been i
35、nvolved with using and (sometimes!) understandingcomplex systems for nearly 30 years.xvList of FiguresFigure 11 Growth of Bandwidth Offered by HMIs 4Figure 21 Determination of Character Height 9Figure 22 HMI Design and the Overall Design Cycle 16Figure 23 Overall HMI Design Process 20Figure 24 Ficti
36、tious Newsprint Machine 23Figure 25 Fragment of a Model of the Operators Task 33Figure 26 Example of Transition from HMI Architecture to Detailed Design 47Figure 27 Example of Reduction in Perceived Complexity 47Figure 28 Example of Using Human Pattern Recognition 48Figure 29 Example Template for Di
37、splay 50Figure 210 Sample Monitoring Display and HTA Fragment 51Figure 31 Sample Window for Heuristic Evaluation 62Figure 32 Sample Hardwired Panel 68Figure 33 Mock-up 1 70Figure 34 Mock-up 1 with Indication of Results 70Figure 35 Mock-up 2 71xvi List of FiguresFigure 41 Format for Individual Window
38、 or Category of Windows 79Figure 51 Results Gap 85Figure 52 Process to Enhance an Existing HMIwith Design Basis 87Figure 53 Process to Enhance an Existing HMIwithout Design Basis 90Figure 61 Impacts of Application-specific Design Principles on the HMI Design Process 98Figure 71 Example of a Heteroge
39、neous Environment 100Figure 72 Information Integration 105Figure 81 (a) Side-by-Side Arrangement. (b) Alternate Arrangement. 117Figure 82 Raw DataMoves 121Figure 83 Summary of MovesBilateral 121Figure 84 Results from Analysis and Optimization 121xviiList of TablesTable 21 Standards and Guidelines Re
40、levant to HMI Design.18Table 22 HMI Design Project Schedule. 27Table 23 Examples of User Characteristics . 29Table 24 Key Characteristics of Generic Tasks. 43Table 31 List of Heuristics. 60Table 41 Format for Individual Window or Category of Windows (Reference Figure 41). 80Table 42 Example Table of
41、 Contents. 81Table 71 Comparison of LSD Technologies 106Table 81 General Characteristics of Workstations. 113Table A1 Computer-based HMI . 143Table A2 Windows . 147Table A3 Display Components. 150Table A4 Inputs. 154Table A5 Hardwired PanelsGeneral . 158Table A6 Hardwired PanelsControls 159Table A7
42、Hardware PanelsDisplays . 161Table A8 Large Screen Displays 162Table A9 Procedures. 16311IntroductionThis book aims to provide users and designers of industrial controland monitoring systems with an easy-to-useyet effectivemethodto configure, design, and validate human-machine interfaces (HMIs).Such
43、 systems include distributed control systems (DCSs); supervisorycontrol and data acquisition systems (SCADAs); and stand-aloneunits. Distributed Control Systems (DCSs) are typically real-time, fault-tolerant systems for continuous and complex batch process applications. DCSs were developed initially
44、 for continuous flow processes that required loop, analog, and limited discrete control. A DCS, while functionally integrated, consists of sub-systems that may be physically separate and remotely located from one another. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA) is typically a generic
45、 name for a computerized system capable of gathering and processing data and applying operational controls over long distances, such as is used with power transmission and distribution and pipeline systems. SCADA systems are designed for unique communication challenges (delays, data integrity, etc.)
46、 resulting from the various media that must be used, such as phone lines, microwave, satellite, and so on. SCADA systems are usually shared, rather than dedicated.2 Chapter 1Introduction Stand-alone Units are typically simple, embedded systems that perform pre-defined tasks, usually with very specif
47、ic requirements.This book discusses the overall HMI design process; how that processrelates to system design; detailed design methods, principles, andrules for individual displays and groups of displays; and integratingboth software-based and hardwired HMIs. It also provides guidance on the design o
48、f HMIs for other, lesscommon, yet important components, such as expert systems andelectronically displayed operating procedures. With the informationcontained in this book, a user or designer can determine how to con-figure or design a whole new set of displays for a system, or how toenhance specifi
49、c elements of an existing or planned HMI.The material originates, to a large extent, from a graduate course(IND 6408 Human Factors in Process Control) and a fourth-yearcourse (IND 4803 Cognitive Engineering for Complex Systems) that theauthor has been fortunate to teach for a number of years at theDepartment of Mathematics and Industrial Engineering of colePolytechnique de Montral. A substantial proportion of the mate-rial is also drawn from the professional practice of the author inHMI analysis, design, and v
