1、 Recommendation ITU-R P.341-6 (09/2016) The concept of transmission loss for radio links P Series Radiowave propagation ii Rec. ITU-R P.341-6 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all r
2、adiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences
3、and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and lice
4、nsing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available onlin
5、e at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P
6、 Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequenc
7、y standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2016 ITU 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever
8、 without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R P.341-6 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R P.341-6* The concept of transmission loss for radio links* (1959-1982-1986-1994-1995-1999-2016) Scope Recommendation ITU-R P.341-6 provides definitions and notations to be employed to describe the characteristics of a rad
9、io link involving a transmitter, a receiver, their antennas, the associated circuits and the propagation medium. Keywords Radio Link, antenna parameters, loss, environment influence The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that in a radio link between a transmitter and a receiver, the rat
10、io between the power supplied by the transmitter and the power available at the receiver input depends on several factors such as the losses in the antennas or in the transmission feed lines, the attenuation due to the propagation mechanisms, the losses due to faulty adjustment of the impedances or
11、polarization, etc.; b) that it is desirable to standardize the terminology and notations employed to characterize transmission loss and its components; c) that Recommendation ITU-R P.525 provides the free-space reference conditions for propagation, recommends that, to describe the characteristics of
12、 a radio link involving a transmitter, a receiver, their antennas, the associated circuits and the propagation medium, the following terms, definitions and notations should be employed: 1 Total loss (of a radio link)* (symbols: Ll or Al) The ratio, usually expressed in decibels, between the power su
13、pplied by the transmitter of a radio link and the power supplied to the corresponding receiver in real installation, propagation and operational conditions. NOTE 1 It is necessary to specify in each case the points at which the power supplied by the transmitter and the power supplied to the receiver
14、 are determined, for example: before or after the radio-frequency filters or multiplexers that may be employed at the sending or the receiving end; * This Recommendation should be brought to the attention of the Coordination Committee for Vocabulary (CCV). * Throughout this Recommendation, capital l
15、etters are used to denote the ratios (dB) of the corresponding quantities designated with lower-case type, e.g. Pt 10 log pt. Pt is the input power to the transmitting antenna (dB) relative to 1 W when pt is the input power (W). * A graphical depiction of this and subsequent definitions is shown in
16、Fig. 1. 2 Rec. ITU-R P.341-6 at the input or at the output of the transmitting and receiving antenna feed lines. 2 System loss (symbols: Ls or As) The ratio, usually expressed in decibels, for a radio link, of the radio-frequency power input to the terminals of the transmitting antenna and the resul
17、tant radio-frequency signal power available at the terminals of the receiving antenna. NOTE 1 The available power is the maximum real power which a source can deliver to a load, i.e., the power which would be delivered to the load if the impedances were conjugately matched. NOTE 2 The system loss ma
18、y be expressed by: Ls 10 log ( pt /pa) = Pt Pa dB (1) where: pt : radio-frequency power input to the terminals of the transmitting antenna pa : resultant radio-frequency signal power available at the terminals of the receiving antenna. NOTE 3 The system loss excludes losses in feeder lines but inclu
19、des all losses in radio-frequency circuits associated with the antenna, such as ground losses, dielectric losses, antenna loading coil losses, and terminating resistor losses. Rec. ITU-R P.341-6 3 FIGURE 1 Graphical depiction of terms used in the transmission loss concept FIGURE.1 0341-01 3 Transmis
20、sion loss (of a radio link) (symbols: L or A) The ratio, usually expressed in decibels, for a radio link between the power radiated by the transmitting antenna and the power that would be available at the receiving antenna output if there were no loss in the radio-frequency circuits, assuming that t
21、he antenna radiation diagrams are retained. NOTE 1 The transmission loss may be expressed by: L = Ls Ltc Lrc dB (2) where Ltc and Lrc are the losses, expressed in decibels, in the transmitting and receiving antennas circuits respectively, excluding the dissipation associated with the antennas radiat
22、ion, i.e., the definitions of Ltc and Lrc are 10 log (r/r), where r is the resistive component of the antenna circuit and r is the radiation resistance. NOTE 2 Transmission loss is equal to system loss minus the loss in the radio-frequency circuits associated with the antennas. 0 3 4 1 - 0 1Lb= Lbf+
23、 LmLbfLs= L + Ltc+ Lrc= Pt PaL = Lb Gt GrGtGrLtcLrcF I G U R E 1G r a p h i c a l d e p i c t i o n o f t e r m s u s e d i n t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n l o s s c o n c e p tF r e e - s p a c e b a s i c t r a n s m i s s i o n l o s s , LbfB a s i c t r a n s m i s s i o n l o s s , LbP r o p a
24、g a t i o nm e d i u m ,e t c .R e c e i v e rF i l t e r s ,f e e d e r , e t c .T r a n s m i t t i n ga n t e n n al o s s e sI s o t r o p i ca n t e n n aI s o t r o p i ca n t e n n aT r a n s m i s s i o n l o s s , LT r a n s m i t t e rF i l t e r s ,f e e d e r , e t c .R e c e i v i n ga
25、n t e n n al o s s e sR e c e i v i n ga n t e n n aT r a n s m i t t i n ga n t e n n aS y s t e m l o s s , LsT o t a l l o s s , Ll( r e f e r e n c e p o i n t s s h o u l d b e s p e c i f i e d )4 Rec. ITU-R P.341-6 4 Basic transmission loss (of a radio link) (symbols: Lb or Ai) The transmissi
26、on loss that would occur if the antennas were replaced by isotropic antennas with the same polarization as the real antennas, the propagation path being retained, but the effects of obstacles close to the antennas being disregarded. Lb L Gt Gr dB (3) where Gt and Gr are the directivity gains (see An
27、nex 1) of the transmitting and receiving antennas, respectively, in the direction of propagation. NOTE 1 The basic transmission loss is equal to the ratio of the equivalent isotropically radiated power of the transmitter system to the power available from an isotropic receiving antenna. NOTE 2 The e
28、ffect of the local ground close to the antenna is included in computing the antenna gain, but not in the basic transmission loss. 5 Free-space basic transmission loss (symbols: Lbf or A0) The transmission loss that would occur if the antennas were replaced by isotropic antennas located in a perfectl
29、y dielectric, homogeneous, isotropic and unlimited environment, the distance between the antennas being retained (see Recommendation ITU-R P.525). NOTE 1 If the distance d between the antennas is much greater than the wavelength , the free-space attenuation in decibels will be: Lbf 20 log 4 d dB (4)
30、 6 Ray path transmission loss (symbols: Lt or At) The transmission loss for a particular ray propagation path, equal to the basic transmission loss minus the transmitting and receiving antenna gains in that ray path direction (see Annex 1). The use of this term is restricted to those cases, for exam
31、ple for multipath propagation, where several propagation ray paths are considered separately. NOTE 1 - The ray path transmission loss may be expressed by: Lt Lb - Gtp - Grp dB (5) where Gtp and Grp are the plane-wave directive gains (see Annex 1) of the transmitting and receiving antennas for the di
32、rections of propagation and polarization considered. 7 Loss relative to free space (symbols: Lm or Am) The difference between the basic transmission loss and the free-space basic transmission loss, expressed in decibels. NOTE 1 The loss relative to free space may be expressed by: Lm Lb Lbf dB (6) NO
33、TE 2 Loss relative to free space, Lm, may be divided into losses of different types, such as: absorption loss (ionospheric, atmospheric gases or precipitation); diffraction loss as for ground waves; effective reflection or scattering loss as in the ionospheric case including the results of any focus
34、ing or defocusing due to curvature of a reflecting layer; Rec. ITU-R P.341-6 5 polarization coupling loss; this can arise from any polarization mismatch between the antennas for the particular ray path considered; aperture-to-medium coupling loss or antenna gain degradation, which may be due to the
35、presence of substantial scatter phenomena on the path; effect of wave interference between the direct ray and rays reflected from the ground, other obstacles or atmospheric layers. Annex 1 1 Antenna directivity Directivity in a given direction is defined as the ratio of the intensity of radiation (t
36、he power per unit solid angle (steradian), in that direction, to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions. When converting transmission loss, or, in specific cases, ray path transmission loss to basic transmission loss the plane wave directivities for the transmitting and receiving anten
37、nas at the particular direction and polarization must be taken into account. In cases where the performance of the antenna is influenced by the presence of local ground or other obstacles (which do not affect the path) the directivity is the value obtained with the antenna in situ. In the particular
38、 case of ground wave propagation with antennas located on or near the ground, although the directivity of the receiving antenna, Gr, is determined by the above definition, the aperture for signal capture, and hence the available power, is reduced below its free-space value. Thus the value to be used
39、 for Gr must be reduced (see Annex 2). 2 Antenna gain The power gain of an antenna is defined as the ratio, usually expressed in decibels, of the power required at the input of a loss-free reference antenna to the power supplied to the input of the given antenna to produce, in a given direction, the
40、 same field strength or the same power flux-density at the same distance. When not specified otherwise, the gain refers to the direction of maximum radiation. The gain may be considered for a specified polarization. 3 Reference standard antennas In the study of propagation over radio links in differ
41、ent frequency bands, a number of reference antennas are used and referred to in ITU-R texts. Depending on the choice of the reference antenna a distinction is made between: absolute or isotropic gain (Gi), when the reference antenna is an isotropic antenna isolated in space; gain relative to a half-
42、wave dipole (Gd), when the reference antenna is a half-wave dipole isolated in space, whose equatorial plane contains the given direction; gain relative to a short vertical antenna (Gv), when the reference antenna is a linear conductor much shorter than one quarter of the wavelength, normal to the s
43、urface of a perfectly conducting plane which contains the given direction. 6 Rec. ITU-R P.341-6 (The power gain corresponds to the maximum directivity for lossless antennas.) Table 1 gives the directivity, Gt, for some typical reference antennas. The corresponding values of the cymomotive force are
44、also shown for a radiated power of 1 kW. TABLE 1 Directivity for typical reference antennas and its relation to cymomotive force Reference antenna gt Gt(1) (dBi) Cymomotive force for a radiated power of 1 kW (V) Isotropic in free space 1 0 173 Hertzian dipole in free space 1.5 1.75 212 Half-wave dip
45、ole in free space 1.65 2.15 222 Hertzian dipole, or a short vertical monopole on a perfectly conducting ground(2) 3 4.8 300 Quarter wave monopole on a perfectly conducting ground(2) 3.3 5.2 314 (1) Gt 10 log gt The values of Gr (gr) equal the values of Gt (gt) for antennas in free space. See Annex 2
46、 for values of Gr for antennas on a perfectly conducting ground. (2) In these cases, it is assumed that the antenna is near a perfectly conducting plane ground, so that radiation is confined to the half space above the ground. Annex 2 Influence of the environment on the antennas When antennas are in
47、stalled on or near the ground (i.e. h , particularly when using frequencies less than 30 MHz) the free-space value of the antenna radiation resistance is modified by the presence of the ground. Consequently the power flux-density at the receiving antenna (resulting from the vector sum of direct and
48、reflected rays) is dependent on the height of the transmitting antenna, and the effective capture area of the receiving antenna is dependent on the height of the antenna above the ground. The influence of the environment on the operation of a pair of antennas (forming an elementary circuit) is illus
49、trated by considering the transmission loss between two vertical loss-free short electric dipoles at heights ht and hr above a plane perfectly conducting surface. The separation, d, along the surface is very large compared to the wavelength 1 The power flux-density s (W/m2) at height hr is given by: s pt cos 4 4 d 2 (1 + t) 1.5 2cos (k ht sin )2 (7) where: Rec. ITU-R P.341-6 7 pt : power radiated by the transmitting antenna (W) d, ht, hr,
