1、 Report ITU-R M.2204(11/2010)Characteristics and spectrum considerations for sense and avoid systems use on unmanned aircraft systemsM SeriesMobile, radiodetermination, amateurand related satellites servicesii Rep. ITU-R M.2204 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rati
2、onal, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radioco
3、mmunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of
4、 Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent informa
5、tion database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Reports (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REP/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed
6、service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM
7、 Spectrum management Note: This ITU-R Report was approved in English by the Study Group under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2011 ITU 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permis
8、sion of ITU. Rep. ITU-R M.2204 1 REPORT ITU-R M.2204 Characteristics and spectrum considerations for sense and avoid systems use on unmanned aircraft systems (2010) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction 1 2 General descriptions and terminology 3 2.1 Terminology . 4 2.2 Airspace 4 2.3 Applicability o
9、f sense and avoid to overall collision avoidance approach . 4 2.4 Existing aeronautical radionavigation allocations 5 3 Technical considerations for S airborne radars, ground-based radars, and other ARNS allocations. Thus, ABS&A may not use bands reserved for ground-based ARNS systems and GBS&A may
10、not use bands reserved for airborne ARNS systems. The sections below summarize the status of the ARNS bands from the Radio Regulations without prejudice to a specific band. It should be noted that there may be exceptions to this categorization that could be considered when selecting an appropriate b
11、and. For example, the bands from the other ARNS allocations category may also be appropriate for airborne S&A radars. Consideration should also be given to the need for ABS&A radars to use worldwide ARNS allocations rather than allocations for a single Region. Conversely, GBS&A radars only require a
12、llocations within regions and areas of the world where they will be used and allocations for GBS&A radars may be best considered within individual administrations. 4.1 Aeronautical radionavigation spectrum currently allocated for airborne radars There are currently five frequency bands allocated to
13、ARNS that are used to support airborne aeronautical radionavigation radar systems worldwide. These bands are listed in Table 3. There are currently existing standards for these airborne radars in all of these bands. TABLE 3 ARNS allocations for airborne radars Band Status Applicable RR (Edition of 2
14、008) footnotes Example of Aviation Standards ITU-R Recommendations 4 200-4 400 MHz primary 5.438, 5.439, 5.440 C67(1), C92c(2)5 350-5 470 MHz primary 5.449, 5.448B, 5.448C, 5.448D C63c(3) M.1638 8 750-8 850 MHz primary 5.470, 5.471 C65a(4) M. 1796 9 300-9 500 MHz primary 5.474, 5.475, 5.475A, 5.475B
15、, 5.476 C65c(3) M. 1796 13.250-13.400 GHz primary 5.497, 5.498A, 5.499 C65a(4) (1)Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Certification Service, Washington DC, Technical Standard Order TSO-C67, Airborne Radar Altimeter Equipment (For Air Carrier Aircraft), 15 November
16、 1960. (2)Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Certification Service, Washington DC, Technical Standard Order TSO-C67, Airborne Ground Proximity Warning Equipment, 19 March 1996. (3)Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Certificati
17、on Service, Washington DC, Technical Standard Order TSO-C63c, Airborne Weather and Ground Mapping Pulsed Radars, 18 August 1983. (4)Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Certification Service, Washington DC, Technical Standard Order TSO-C65a, Airborne Doppler Radar
18、Ground Speed and/or Drift Angle Measuring Equipment (for Air Carrier Aircraft), 18 August 1983. Rep. ITU-R M.2204 13 4.2 Aeronautical radionavigation spectrum currently allocated for ground radars There are currently six frequency bands allocated to ARNS that are used to support ground-based aeronau
19、tical radionavigation radar systems worldwide. These bands are listed in Table 4. TABLE 4 ARNS allocations for ground radars Band Status Applicable RR (Edition of 2008) footnotes Aviation standards ITU-R Recommendations 1 215-1 240 MHz primary 5.329, 5.330, 5.331, 5.332 N/A M.1463, M.1479 1 240-1 30
20、0 MHz primary 5.282, 5.329, 5.330, 5.331, 5.332, 5.335, 5.335A N/A M.1463, M.1479 1 300-1 350 MHz primary 5.337, 5.337A N/AM.1463, F.1584 1 350-1 370 MHz primary 5.334, 5.338 N/A M.1463, F.1242 2 700-2 900 MHz primary 5.337, 5.423, 5.424 N/A M.1464-1 9 000-9 200 MHz primary 5.337, 5.471, 5.475A N/A
21、M. 1796 4.3 Other aeronautical radionavigation spectrum There are currently twelve other frequency bands allocated to ARNS that are used to support a variety of ARNS applications. These bands are listed in Table 5. There are existing standards for the ARNS systems in many of these bands. It should b
22、e noted that some of these bands may be appropriate for ABS&A or GBS&A radars. TABLE 5 Other ARNS allocations Band Status Applicable RR (Edition of 2008) footnotes Example of Aviation Standards ITU-R Recommendations 190-285 kHz primary 5.68, 5.69, 5.70, 5.71 C41d(1)325-405kHz primary 5.72 C41d(1)415
23、-435 kHz primary 5.72 C41d(1)510-535 kHz primary 5.72 C41d(1)74.8-75.2 MHz primary 5.180, 5.181 C35d(2)108-117.975MHz primary 5.197, 5.197A, C36e(3), C40c(4)328.6-335.4 MHz primary 5.258, 5.259 C34e(5)960-1 215 MHz primary 5.328, 5.328A C66c(6)5 000-5 030 MHz primary 5.367 14 Rep. ITU-R M.2204 TABLE
24、 5 (end) Band Status Applicable RR (Edition of 2008) footnotes Example of Aviation Standards ITU-R Recommendations 5 030-5 150 MHz primary 5.367, 5.444, 5.444A, 5.446, 5.447, 5.447B, 5.447C C104(7)5 150-5 250 MHz primary 5.367, 5.444, 5.444A, 5.446, 5.447, 5.447B, 5.447C M.1454, S.1426, S.1427 15.40
25、0-15.700 GHz primary 5.511A, 5.511C, 5.511D C63c(8)S.1340, S.1341 (1)Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Certification Service, Washington DC, Technical Standard Order TSO-C41d, Airborne Automatic Direction Finding (ADF) Equipment, 6 May 1985. (2)Department of Tra
26、nsportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Certification Service, Washington DC, Technical Standard Order TSO-C35d, Airborne Radio Marker Receiving Equipment, 5 May 1971. (3)Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Certification Service, Washington DC, Tech
27、nical Standard Order TSO-C36e, Airborne ILS Localizer Receiving Equipment Operating within the Radio Frequency Range of 108-112 Megahertz (MHz), 25 January 1988. (4)Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Certification Service, Washington DC, Technical Standard Order
28、TSO-C40c, VOR Receiving Equipment Operating within the Radio Frequency Range of 108-117.95 Megahertz (MHz), 25 January 1988. (5)Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Certification Service, Washington DC, Technical Standard Order TSO-C34e, Airborne ILS Glide Slope Re
29、ceiving Equipment Operating within the Radio Frequency Range of 328.6-335.4 Megahertz (MHz), 15 January 1988. (6)Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Certification Service, Washington DC, Technical Standard Order TSO-C66c, Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Operati
30、ng within the Radio Frequency Range of 960-1215 Megahertz (MHz), 18 January 1991. (7)Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Certification Service, Washington DC, Technical Standard Order TSO-C93, Microwave Landing System (MLS) Airborne Receiving Equipment, 22 June 19
31、82. (8)Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Certification Service, Washington DC, Technical Standard Order TSO-C63c, Airborne Weather and Ground Mapping Pulsed Radars, 18 August 1983. 5 Conclusions This Report provides an explanation of the requirements for S&A sen
32、sors to support UAS operations as well as the current status of allocations that allow this usage. Tables 3 through 5 provide alternative bands that have allocations for airborne and ground-based applications of UAS S&A. As discussed in 3, ABS&A systems are constrained by UA SWaP. Also, weather or a
33、tmospheric attenuation must be considered when choosing spectrum for ABS&A because of the impact in meeting the operational requirements of the S&A function described in 2. GBS&A on the other hand is largely free from SWaP considerations and are less constrained by weather and atmospheric attenuatio
34、n. Thus, selection of the most suitable band for any particular UAS S&A Rep. ITU-R M.2204 15 application must consider performance aspects, which may be constrained due to available technology. Many of the existing ARNS are already in use and the existing users of these bands will need to be conside
35、red when selecting ARNS bands for S&A applications. Glossary ABS&A Aircraft-based sense and avoid ACAS Airborne collision avoidance system ADS-B Automatic dependant surveillance broadcast ARNS Aeronautical radionavigation service ATC Air traffic control BLOS Beyond line-of-sight CNPC Control and non
36、-payload communications EESS Earth-exploration satellite service EMI Electromagnetic interference FSS Fixed-satellite service GBS&A Ground-based sense and avoid ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IFR Instrument flight rules ITU-R International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunications
37、 Sector MSS Mobile-satellite service NMAC Near-miss aircraft collision RF Radio frequency RNSS Radionavigation-satellite service S&A Sense and avoid SWaP Size, weight and power TCAS Traffic collision avoidance system TSO Technical standard order UA Unmanned aircraft UACS Unmanned aircraft control station UAS Unmanned aircraft system WRC World Radiocommunication Conference
