1、 Recommendation ITU-R RS.2042-0(02/2014)Typical technical and operatingcharacteristics for spaceborne radar sounder systems using the 40-50 MHz bandRS SeriesRemote sensing systemsii Rec. ITU-R RS.2042-0 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficien
2、t and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are pe
3、rformed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Form
4、s to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be
5、 found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile,
6、 radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum managem
7、ent SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2014 ITU 2014 All rights reserved. No part o
8、f this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R RS.2042-0 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R RS.2042-0 Typical technical and operating characteristics for spaceborne radar sounder systems using the 40-50 MHz band (2014) Scope This Recommendation provi
9、des the technical and operating characteristics of spaceborne radar sounders to be used for compatibility studies. The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that spaceborne radar sounders can provide radar maps of subsurface scattering layers to locate water/ice deposits using active space
10、borne sensing; b) that the mission scientific objectives are 1) to understand the global thickness, inner structure, and the thermal stability of the Earths ice sheets such as in Greenland and Antarctica as an observable parameter of earth climate evolution, and 2) to understand the occurrence, dist
11、ribution and dynamics of the earth fossil aquifers in desertic environments such as northern Africa and the Arabian peninsula as key elements in understanding recent paleoclimatic changes; c) that measurement of reflectivity from subsurface scattering layers as deep as 10 m to 100 m is necessary; d)
12、 that the penetration depth from subsurface scattering layers at microwave wavelengths increases approximately inversely with the frequency; e) that worldwide, repetitive measurements of subsurface water deposits in desertic environments such as northern Africa and the Arabian peninsula and worldwid
13、e, repetitive measurements of Earths ice sheets such as in Greenland and Antarctica require the use of spaceborne active sensors; f) that the 40-50 MHz frequency range is preferable to satisfy all requirements for spaceborne radar sounders; g) that the 40-50 MHz band is allocated to the fixed, mobil
14、e and broadcasting services on a primary basis; h) that the uses of the 40.98-41.015 MHz frequency band by the space research service are on a secondary basis; j) that operations of spaceborne radar sounder with other primary and secondary services would be under RR No. 4.4, non-interference basis a
15、nd shall not cause harmful interference to, and shall not claim protection; k) that a bandwidth of 10 MHz is sufficient for use by spaceborne radar sounders; l) that operational limitations have been identified to allow operation under RR No. 4.4 on a non-interference basis such as operating only in
16、 either uninhabited or sparsely populated areas of the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica and deserts of northern Africa and the Arabian peninsula and operating the radar at night-time only from 3 a.m. to 6 a.m. locally as in Annex 1, 2 Rec. ITU-R RS.2042-0 recommends 1 that the characteristics
17、given in Table 1 of the Annex should be employed in the spaceborne radar sounder and be used for compatibility studies. Annex Typical technical and operating characteristics of spaceborne radar sounder systems using the 40-50 MHz band 1 Introduction There is an interest in remote sensing in the vici
18、nity of 40-50 MHz for remote measurements of the Earths subsurface providing radar maps of subsurface scattering layers with the intent to locate water/ice/deposits using active spaceborne sensors. This Annex provides the preferred frequency band selection rationale, and typical technical and operat
19、ing characteristics. The technical and operating characteristics of an active sensor at 40-50 MHz are described and the sharing situation with other services allocated in this frequency range is examined. The 40-50 MHz band is currently allocated to the fixed, mobile and broadcasting services. The u
20、ses of the 40.98-41.015 MHz frequency band by the space research service (SRS) are on a secondary basis. 2 Frequency band selection rationale The reason for an allocation between 40 MHz and 50 MHz for a spaceborne sounding radar is based upon the following selection criteria: surface penetration, le
21、ngth scale of observation, region of electromagnetic scattering model, and previous work. 2.1 Surface penetration Penetration of an incident radar wave is normally many tens of wavelengths. Under the proper conditions of wavelength and composition of the scattering medium, radio waves can readily pe
22、netrate the dielectric materials comprising the Earths surface and cover. A quantitative estimate of this depth pis as follows: eep=20(1) where: 0:wavelength e and e: real and imaginary parts of the surface dielectric constant. Using this expression with the soil dielectric constants, Fig. 1 shows t
23、he surface penetration depths for 50 MHz, 500 MHz, and 5 000 MHz. From the figure, it is evident that surface penetration at 50 MHz is deeper than for 500 MHz by a factor of 20 to 30, and is thus most favourable for Earth penetration studies. The objectives would be to provide radar maps of subsurfa
24、ce scattering layers with the intent to locate water/ice/deposits using active spaceborne sensors. Rec. ITU-R RS.2042-0 3 FIGURE 1 Surface penetration depth RS.2042-010 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5Penetration depth Vs volumetric soil moistureVolumetric soil moisture (%)1001010.10.010.001Penetration depth(m)5
25、0 MHz500 MHz5 000 MHz2.2 Length scale of observations The addition of 50 MHz to the existing 435 MHz and 1 250 MHz bands would extend the range of length scales at which the roughness of the surface is observed. For many geologic surfaces, backscatter is dominated by that harmonic component of the s
26、urface whose wavelength is near the projected radar wavelength and longer, whereas, other components of the surface contribute only through second order effects. Thus, radar measurements at as many frequencies as possible over as wide a range of incidence angles as possible increase the ability to a
27、ccurately describe the surface. 2.3 Region of electromagnetic scattering model The addition of 50 MHz to the existing 435 MHz and 1 250 MHz bands would expand the region of validity of electromagnetic scattering models. The 50 MHz radar would be more sensitive to subsurface morphology because the rm
28、s height of the surface is a smaller fraction of the wavelength, resulting in a lower measured radar backscatter. The greater sensitivity of 50 MHz to subsurface morphology combined with the fact that the 50 MHz signals penetrate deeper into the soil, increases the subsurface volume in which scatter
29、ing occurs, resulting in a much greater ratio of power received from the subsurface relative to that received from the surface than that at shorter wavelengths. Also, scatterers embedded in the alluvial cover will be smaller relative to 50 MHz than either 435 MHz or 1 250 MHz. 2.4 Previous work and
30、regulatory status between 40-44 MHz band A considerable amount of work in the form of ground-based and airborne radar systems development and data collection has already been done at 3-50 MHz. Along with this hardware development has been computational work aimed at studying the surface penetration
31、depth versus soil moisture content at 3-50 MHz and analysis of measuring ocean returns by oceanographic radars. Airborne radars have made measurements around 50 MHz in the desertic areas in the Arabian peninsula and Antarctica. Figure 2 shows a radargram with variations in the depth of the water tab
32、le from 49 to 52 metres with data taken from an airborne VHF radar in Kuwait in 2011. 4 Rec. ITU-R RS.2042-0 FIGURE 2 Radargram taken from airborne VHF radar in Kuwait in 2011 RS.2042-02Water table06008001 0001 200Time(nanoseconds)200400204006080Depth(m)Surface16 000 17 000 18 000Distance (m)The fre
33、quency band 3-50 MHz was considered for the oceanographic radars along the coast (in the radiolocation service (RLS) under WRC-12 agenda item 1.15 and the sharing studies were documented in Report ITU-R M.2234. WRC-12 agreed to allocate RLS through a combination of secondary and primary allocations
34、on a regional and country basis with footnotes in sub-bands between 4-44 MHz (43.35-44 MHz was the highest frequency range allocating RLS with a country footnote (two countries) with footnotes to protect the incumbent fixed and mobile services. Applications in the RLS are limited to oceanographic ra
35、dars operating in accordance with Resolution 612 (Rev.WRC-12). Resolution 612 (Rev.WRC-12) also contains additional limitations to the oceanographic radars such as maximum e.i.r.p. of 25 dBW and a station identification (call sign) on the assigned frequency. In the Radio Regulations, there is no all
36、ocation to EESS (active) in the 3-50 MHz range. If the frequency were chosen for the spaceborne system at higher or lower frequency bands, the hardware and computational work reference would need to be repeated for the airborne radar campaigns in the desertic areas. 3 Technical characteristics of a
37、40-50 MHz spaceborne sounding radar The spaceborne sounding radar will operate at 40-50 MHz and the resulting radar data will be used in the study of the Earths subsurface with radar mapping of subsurface scattering layers with the intent to locate water/ice/deposits. The characteristics of the 40-5
38、0 MHz spaceborne sounding radar are shown in Table 1. Rec. ITU-R RS.2042-0 5 3.1 Mission objectives The spaceborne active sensor will produce data with a vertical resolution of 5-7 m, and will have a surface SNR of 66 dB. It is expected to be a 9-16 month orbital mapping campaign. The mission scient
39、ific objectives are 1) to understand the global thickness, inner structure, and the thermal stability of the Earths ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica as an observable parameter of earth climate evolution, and 2) to understand the occurrence, distribution and dynamics of the earth fossil aquifer
40、s in desertic environments such as northern Africa and the Arabian peninsula as key elements in understanding recent paleoclimatic changes. 3.2 Orbital parameters The spaceborne active sensor is carried on a low-Earth orbiting satellite at an altitude of 400 km, an inclination optimized for a sun sy
41、nchronous orbit and an eccentricity less than 0.001. 3.3 Design parameters The postulated system for the Earth orbiting sounding radar is an earth enhanced duplicate of the Shallow Radar Sounder (SHARAD) which was a Mars orbiting sounding radar in the SRS (active). The spaceborne sounding radar tran
42、smits an FM modulated pulse centred at 45 MHz with 10 MHz bandwidth at a pulse repetition frequency of 1 200 Hz. Each pulse has a duration of 85 s. The peak RF power is 100 W, and the transmitted signal is circularly polarized. These design parameters are shown in Table 1. TABLE 1 50 MHz spaceborne
43、sounding radar characteristics Parameter Value Orbital altitude 400 km Orbital inclination 97 degrees RF centre frequency 45 MHz Peak RF output power 100 W Polarization Circular (LHC on transmit, RHC on receive) Pulse modulation Linear FM chirp Pulse bandwidth (20 dB) 6-10 MHz Pulse width 85 s Pulse
44、 repetition rate 1 220 Hz Compression ratio 510-850 Antenna type Cross Yagi (9 elements) Antenna peak gain 10 dBi Antenna orientation Nadir Antenna beamwidth 40 degrees (El), 40 degrees (Az) 6 Rec. ITU-R RS.2042-0 3.4 Antenna gain pattern The spaceborne sounding radar antenna is a 9 element cross Ya
45、gi antenna, with antenna gain of 10 dBi, and beamwidth of 40 in range and azimuth as shown in Fig. 3. FIGURE 3 9-element Yagi antenna pattern RS.2042-033033060300902701202401502101800151050510152025303540455055Total gain (frequency = 50 MHz; Phi = 0)Missing reflectorMissing director No. 1Missing dir
46、ector No. 2Missing director No. 3Missing director No. 4Missing director No. 5Missing director No. 6Missing director No. 7Complete YagiFar field3.5 Operational limitations The sounding radar is to be operated only in either un-inhabited or sparsely populated areas of the ice sheets of Greenland and A
47、ntarctica and deserts of northern Africa and the Arabian peninsula. The radar is to be operated at night-time only from 3 a.m. to 6 a.m. locally when the ionospheric perturbations to the radar signal is at a minimum and man-made radio-frequency interference is expected to be lightest. Rec. ITU-R RS.
48、2042-0 7 4 pfd and spectral pfd levels at Earths surface For the parameters of the sounding radar in Table 1, the power flux-density (pfd) level is calculated to be 93.3 dB(W/m2) at 45 MHz, corresponding to spectral pfd levels of 163.3 dB(W/m2-Hz) at 45 MHz assuming a 10 MHz bandwidth. 5 Conclusions
49、 There is an interest in remote sensing in the vicinity of 40-50 MHz for remote measurements of the Earths subsurface providing radar maps of subsurface scattering layers with the intent to locate water/ice/deposits using active spaceborne sensors. This Annex provides the preferred frequency band selection rationale, and typical technical and operating characteristics for a possible instrument. Characteristics of a spaceborne radar sounder that would operate in the frequency range 40-50 MHz have been developed.
