1、.1 48b2591 0679249 535 E INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION CCITT TH E INTERNATIONAL TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CONSULTATIVE COM MITTEE DIRECTIVES concerning the protection of telecommunication lines against harmful effects from electric power and electrified railway lines VOLUME I DESIGN, CONSTRUCT
2、ION AND OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF TELECOMMUNICATION, POWER AND E LECTR I FI ED RAI LWAY FAC I LITI ES Geneva 1989 4862591 b79250 257 m INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION CCITT TH E INTERNATIONAL TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CON SU LTATIVE COM M IlTEE DIRECTIVES concerning the protection of telecommuni
3、cation lines against harmful effects from electric power and electrified railway lines VOLUME I DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF TELECOMMUNICATION, POWER AND ELECTRIFIED RAILWAY FACI LITI ES Geneva 1989 ISBN 92-61 -03941 -3 O I.T.U. W 4862571 Ob77252 02T PREFACE The rapid developme
4、nt of new technologies in telecommunications, electric power transmission and distrib- ution, and electric railway systems has made the earlier issue of the Directives (1960 edition) out-of-date and this former issue is therefore being replaced completely. The present Directives (1988 edition) have
5、been established by the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITQ to give clear advice on how adverse electromagnetic effects on telecommunications lines from nearby electric power or electric railway installations may be minimized. The Directives have been based on the lat
6、est information that is available. The new Directives have been prepared in close cooperation with the following international organizations : - the International Union of Railways (UIC) - the International Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems (CIGRE). Representatives from these organiz
7、ations have participated in preparation of the text of the Directives. The two organizations support the underlying principles from which these texts have been derived, and the guidelines in the Directives which have been given. Such guidelines normally relate to general cases which are described. I
8、t is left to national organizations to establish more detailed regulations which apply to particular cases. The new Directives are divided into a series of separate volumes, each dealing with a particular part of the complete subject. Each volume can be used independently. Modem calculation methods
9、which are suitable for compu- ter techniques have been incorporated. Numerical values are used to define desirable limits which should be followed when the recommended technical measures are taken. In general, it should not be necessary to exceed these limits, although some special cases may arise w
10、here it is either uneconomical or impractical to do so (e.g. in narrow valleys). In such cases, mutual agree- ment based on the principles set out in the Directives should be reached. Guidance on administration, economic and particularly legislation matters have been omitted deliberately since they
11、are considered to be outside the technical scope of the advice given in the new Directives. In consequence, the rules of procedure which should be followed by telecommunications operators, and electric power and electric rail- way authorities have not been covered. Nevertheless, the three internatio
12、nal organizations which have worked together to produce the new Direc- “Telecommunications, electric power and electric railway authorities should work together closely and fol- low the new Directives when seeking solutions to mutual problems. The solutions chosen should be those most accept- able a
13、nd economical overall, and should not confer undue advantages to any participant. We, the undersigned, representing the three organizations, WITT, UIC and CIGRE, support the work done jointly on behalf o our organizations in producing these Directives. We recommend these Directives to members of CCI
14、TT, UIC and CIGRE who seek solutions to mutual disturbance problems.” tives, CCIZT, UIC and CIGRE, recommend that : Th. IRMER Director of the CCIT J. BOULEY Secretary-General of UIC G. LEROY Secretary-General of CIGRE YBb259L Ob79253 Tbb TABLE OF CONTENTS Page III Preface CHAPTER 1 - Introduction 1
15、1 1.1 Aim and scope of the Directives . 2 i.Z.1 Content of individual volumes 2 1.2 Structure of the Directives 2 1.2.2 Use of the Directives 2 i .2.2.1 When studying coupling processes in general 1.2.2.2 When establishing standards or similar regulations 3 1.2.2.3 When dealing with danger and distu
16、rbanceproblems in practice . 3 1.3 General considerations concerning the environment of telecommunication facilities . 3 1.4 General considerations concerning the possible harmful effects of proximity . 1.4.1 Effects of electric conduction (conductive coupling) 5 1.4.2 EHects of electromagneticfield
17、 (capacitive and inductive couplings) . 5 1.4.3 Danger and disturbance 5 1.4.4 Nature of danger to persons 5 5 CHAPTER 2 - Facilities for power production, transmission and distribution 2.1 Functions of power nehvorks . 2.1.1 Need forpower networks . 2.1.2 Aliernating current and direct current netw
18、ork . 2.1.2.1 General 2. i .2.2 Akernating current . 2.1.2.3 Direct current . 2.1.3 Choice of voltage . 2.1.3.1 Choice criteria 2.1.3.2 Voltages for transmission networks . 2.1.3.3 Voltages for supply neworks 2.1.4 hoke of thefiequency for alternating current networks . 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 9 9 9 10 10 Pre
19、vious page is blank. Volume I - Table of Contents V 4862571 0679254 9T2 m Page 2.2 Description of installations 10 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 General description of the components of an overhead line 2.2.2.1 Composition and characteristics of conductors . 2.2.2.2 Earth wires. . 2.2.2.3 Insulators 2.2.
20、2.4 Supports . 2.2.3 General description of the terminal installations of overhead lines . 2.2.3.1 High-voltage sub-stations 2.2.3.2 Components of a high-voltage sub-station . 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 13 2.3 Electrical characteristics o power networks . 13 2.3.1 Balanced three-phase systems . 13 2.3.
21、 i. 1 Definition of a balanced three-phase system 13 2.3.1.2 Equivalent systems under balanced conditions . 14 2.3.2 Unbalanced three-phase systems . 15 2.3.2.1 Symmetrical components 15 2.3.2.2 Positive, negative and zero-sequence impedances of transmission network components . 17 2.3.2.2.1 Overhea
22、d lines 18 2.3.2.2.2 Underground cables 19 2.3.2.2.3 Transformers . 19 2.3.2.2.4 Synchronous machines 20 2.3.2.2.5 Asynchronous equipment . 21 2.4 Operating states of networks and consequences . 22 2.4.1 Normal steady-state operation 2.4.1.1 Eflects of electric currents in the normal state 2.4.1.2 V
23、oltage effects 2.4.1.3 Other sources of possible disturbance 2.4.1.3.1 Occurence and propagation of harmonics 2.4.1.3.2 Use ofpower line for the transmission of signals . 2.4.2 Transient conditions - Problem of stability . 2.4.2.2 Network stability . 2.4.2.2.1 Static stability . 2.4.2.1 Transient co
24、nditions . 2.4.2.2.2 Transient stability . 2.4.3 Abnormal disturbed operation 22 22 22 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 25 2.5 Networks protection and arrangements affecting disturbance phenomena . 25 2.5.1 Generalprinciples . 25 2.5.2 Different kinds of earth faults . 26 2.5.2.1 Fault within the area of an HVs
25、tation . 26 2.5.2.2 Fault ourside the area of an HVstation . 27 2.5.2.2.1 Fault at a tower 27 2.5.2.2.2 Fault of an overhead conductor . 27 2.5.3.1 Overcurrent and zero-sequence current protection . 28 2.5.3.3 Phase comparison protection 28 2.5.3 Operating principles of line fault protection 28 2.5.
26、3.2 Distance protection 28 2.5.3.4 Differential current protection 29 2.5.3.5 Zero-sequence power directional protection . 30 . VI Volume I - Table of Contents 4862593 Ob77255 837 H Page 2.5.4 Limitation of (unbalanced) fault currents . 30 2.5.4.1 ModifLing equipment 30 2.5.4.2 ModifLing the mode of
27、 network operation . 30 2.5.4.3 ModiJLing network design 31 2.5.5 Drferent neutral earthing methods 31 2.5.5.1 Isolated neutral . 31 2.5.5.2 Directly earthed neutral . 31 2.5.5.3 Neutral earthed through an arcsuppression coil (Petersen coil) 31 2.5.5.4 Neutral earthed through an impedance . 31 2.5.5
28、.5 Multigrounded systems . 32 2.5.6 Earth wires of overhead lines . 32 2.5.6.1 Electromagnetic screening efect . 32 2.5.6.2 Protection against direct strikes by lightning 33 2.5.6.3 Interconnection of tower earths . 33 2.5.7 Transposition ofphase conductors of overhead lines . 33 2.5.8 Earthing of t
29、he metal screens ofpower cables 33 2.5.8.1 Earthing of metal screens at several points . 33 2.5.8.2 Special screen connections 34 CHAPTER 3 . Electric traction networks and installations . 3.1 Nehvork functions and architecture 3.1.1 3 . I . 2 General considerations concerning electric traction - it
30、s advantages Direrent electric traction systems . 3.1.2.1 Direct and alternating current systems . 3.1.2.2 3.1.2.3 Relative importance of various types of electrification . 3.1.2.4 Information on railway electrification systems used in diflerent countries . 3.1.2.5 Considerations relating to the cho
31、ice ofpossible variants . 3.1.2.5.1 Background and choice of electrification at present time 3.1.2.5.2 Choice of type of a.c. supply system Short review of history 3.2 Main characteristics of electric traction systems 3.2.1 Electric traction contact lines . 3.2.1.1 Construction principles . 3.2.1.1.
32、1 Rigid suspension contact lines or 3rd rail 3.2.1.1.2 3.2.1.1.3 Contact line systems with suspension wire 3.2.1.2 3.2.1.2. I 3.2.1.2.2 Flexible suspension contact lines . Systems for the return of traction current Return system with rails only . Systems with auxiliaty components 3.2.2 Power feed su
33、b-stations 3.2.2.1 Direct current sub-stations 3.2.2.1.1 Spacing of sub-stations 3.2.2.1.2 Sub-station load . 3.2.2.1.3 Different types of conversion . 3.2.2.1.4 Various rectrjer couplings 3.2.2.1.5 Harmonics 3.2.2.1.6 Filters installed in sub-stations 3.2.2.1 .I Voltage regulation 3.2.2.1.8 Protect
34、ion of the contact lines . 35 35 35 35 35 36 36 37 37 37 38 39 39 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 51 51 51 52 52 52 55 57 58 60 Volume I . Table of Contents VI1 ia 4862572 Ob77256 775 ia Page 3.2.2.2 Alternating current sub-stations . voltage network by a three-phase network . Protection of the contact lines .
35、 3.2.2.2.1 3.2.2.2.2 3.2.2.2.3 3.2.2.2.4 Alternating current sub-stations with transfomers powered by high- Alternating current sub-stations with rotary or static converter powered Particulars of single-phase traction 3.2.3 Rolling stock 3.2.3.1 Introduction . 3.2.3.2 Traction motors . 3.2.3.2.1 Ser
36、ies-excited commutator motors 3.2.3.2.2 Direct current regulation . 3.2.3.2.3 Alternating current regulation 3.2.3.2.4 Multi-current traction units 3.2.3.2.5 Three-phase motor traction units . 3.2.3.3 Current distribution inside the train 3.2.3.3.1 Traction auxiliaries 3.2.3.3.2 Towed vehicles 3.2.3
37、.3.3 Multle unit trains 61 61 66 69 70 71 71 72 72 73 79 88 88 98 98 98 100 101 CHAITER 4 . Telecommunication networks and installations 101 101 102 103 103 4.1 Network and installation functions and architecture 4.1.1 Background 4.1.2 Networks structure . 4.1.2.1 Local networks 4.1.2.2 Trunknetwork
38、s . 103 103 104 104 105 1 O5 105 1 O6 107 107 4.2 Composition of transmission supports 4.2.1 Open-wire lines 4.2.2 Symmetricalpairs cable lines . 4.2.2.1 Cable pairs 4.2.2.2 Cable quads . 4.2.2.3 Dimensions and electrical characteristics 4.2.3 Coaxialpairs cable lines . 4.2.4 Waveguides 4.2.5 Radior
39、elays 4.2.6 Opticalfibres 107 4.3 Signals used 4.3.1 Information-carrying signals . 4.3.1.1.1 Analogue signals in the audio-fequens, band . Analogue signals used in carrier systems . 4.3.1.1.3 Digital signals 4.3.1.1.4 Telegraphy and telex . 4.3.1.2 Signals transmitted on coaxial cable pairs . 4.3.1
40、.2.1 Analogue . 4.3.1.2.2 Digital . 4.3.1.3 Signals transmitted by radio relays or opticalfibres 4.3. 1 . i 4.3.1.1.2 Signals transmitted over symmetrical pairs circuits 107 107 107 108 108 108 108 108 108 109 VI11 Volume I . Table of Contents W 4862593 Ob79257 bOL 9 Page 4.3.2 Signalling signals .
41、Signalling on the speech path . Signalling on a dedicated channel Direct current (or voltage) signalling . 4.3.2.2.3 “In-band” signalling . 4.3.2.2.4 “Out-band signalling 4.3.2.3 Digital systems 4.3.2.1 Transmission methods 4.3.2.1.1 4.3.2.1.2 4.3.2.2 Means of transmission . 4.3.2.2.1 4.3.2.2.2 Alte
42、rnating current signalling at sub-audio frequencies . 4.4 Line transmission systems 4.4.1 Subscriber systems . 4.4.1.1 Principles . 4.4.1.2 Practical arrangements . 4.4.1.3 Telegraphic link . 4.4.2 Loaded eircuit systems . 4.4.3 Multiplex systems . 4.4.3. i Metallic pair cable systems . 4.4.3.2 Opti
43、cal fibre cable systems . 4.4.3.3 Other systems 4.5 Disturbingphenomena . Sources . Effects . 4.5.1.1 Contacts between conductors due to accidents . 4.5.1.3 Currents conducted through earth connections . 4.5.1 Conductive coupling 4.5.1.2 Currents conducted through earth . 4.5.1.4 Eflects of the curr
44、ents resultingfrom conductive coupling . 4.5.2 Capacitivecoupling 4.5.2.2 Effects of capacitive coupling 4.5.3 Inductive coupling . The effect of currents through magneticjeld 4.5.2.1 The eflect of voltages through electricjield . 4.5.3.1 4.5.3.2 Danger due to the fundamental frequency currents . 4.
45、5.3.3 Disturbances due to fundamental frequency harmonia or chopped cur- rents . 4.6 Main factors influencing the effects of coupling 4.6.1 Case ofpower networks 4.6.1.1 Electric current eflects resulting from breakdowns . Case of electrified railway lines 4.6.2.1 Normal operation 4.6.2.2 Transient
46、and fault conditions . 4.6.3 Balance of telecommunication structures . 4.6.3.1 Balance of the transmission support 4.6.3.2 Unbalance of terminal facilities . Isolation of conductors, metallic continuity 4.6.1.2 Incident statistics 4.6.2 4.6.4 4.7 Acoustic shocks 109 109 109 110 110 110 110 110 111 1
47、11 111 111 111 112 112 113 114 114 114 114 114 116 116 116 116 116 117 117 118 118 118 120 120 120 120 121 121 121 121 122 123 124 124 125 125 Volume I . Table of Contents IX E 48b257L Ob77258 548 E Page 4.8 Operation and maintenance - Service quality . 125 4.8.1 Construction of links - Testing - Co
48、mmissioning . 126 4.8.2 Maintenance operations 126 4.8.3 Subscriber connections 126 4.8.4 Frequency of “tolerable” disturbance - Service quality 127 APPENDIX - Definitions of some frequently used terms 1 Danger 129 2 Disturbance, 129 129 3 Powerlines 4 Telecommunication lines . I30 5 Exposures betwe
49、en telecommunication lines and power lines 131 6 Voltages and currents. 133 . X Volume I - Table of Contents 4862573 Ob77257 484 9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCIION 1.1 Aim and scope of the Directives The present Directives supersede the 1963 edition approved by the 2nd Plenary Assembly of CCITT in New Delhi 1960. The 1963 Directives were amended in 1965, 1974, 1978 and 1982. They provided a comprehensive descrip- tion of electromagnetic effects due to the close proximity of telecommunication lines to power and electrified railway systems, containing regularly updated findings in this field and
