1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T L.1700 TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (06/2016) SERIES L: ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE
2、PLANT Requirements and framework for low-cost sustainable telecommunications infrastructure for rural communications in developing countries Recommendation ITU-T L.1700 ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PRO
3、TECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES Cable structure and characteristics L.100L.124 Cable evaluation L.125L.149 Guidance and installation technique L.150L.199 OPTICAL INFRASTRUCTURES Infrastructure including node element (except cables) L.200L.249 General aspect
4、s and network design L.250L.299 MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION Optical fibre cable maintenance L.300L.329 Infrastructure maintenance L.330L.349 Operation support and infrastructure management L.350L.379 Disaster management L.380L.399 PASSIVE OPTICAL DEVICES L.400L.429 MARINIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES L.430L.
5、449 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations. Rec. ITU-T L.1700 (06/2016) i Recommendation ITU-T L.1700 Requirements and framework for low-cost sustainable telecommunications infrastructure for rural communications in developing countries Summary The objective of Recomm
6、endation ITU-T L.1700 is to identify general requirements and framework for low-cost sustainable telecommunications infrastructure with a special focus on rural communications in developing countries. The purpose of this Recommendation is to quickly and inclusively bridge the digital divide. As a fr
7、amework Recommendation, it is largely technology-neutral with focus on general requirements and metrics. It is intended that a series of Supplements be produced to provide technology-specific examples of best practice. To bridge the digital divide, it is recognized that there will be potential users
8、 in remote or rural areas who are unlikely to gain digital services based solely upon conventional urban practices and needing a positive return on investment (RoI). Some indication is given on how additional funding or human resources may be obtained to bridge the financial gap and so enable the be
9、nefits of online services to be brought to individuals and communities. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T L.1700 2016-06-13 5 11.1002/1000/12885 Keywords Backhaul networks, digital divide, rural communities, telecommunications infrastructure. * To access the Re
10、commendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii Rec. ITU-T L.1700 (06/2016) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations
11、 specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on
12、them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of IT
13、U-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is us
14、ed for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with th
15、e Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of
16、 any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Pro
17、perty Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, i
18、mplementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior wr
19、itten permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-T L.1700 (06/2016) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions 1 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 1 5 Conventions 2 6 Framework of the Recommendation 2 6.1 General requirements for low-cost sustainable telecommunications infrastructure for rura
20、l communications in developing countries 2 7 Metrics for low-cost sustainable telecommunications infrastructure for rural communications in developing countries . 3 7.1 Cost . 3 7.2 Energy consumption/Energy efficiency . 3 7.3 Geographical coverage area . 3 7.4 Population coverage/Number of subscrib
21、ers served 4 7.5 Capacity 4 7.6 Power feeding points 4 7.7 Availability/mean time between failures 4 7.8 Protection against environmental impacts (system lifetime) 4 7.9 Scalability . 4 7.10 Skills requirements . 4 Appendix I Examples of metrics from developing countries . 5 I.1 Affordability requir
22、ements for optical cables for direct surface application (Examples) . 5 I.2 Cost of civil works for conventional optical cables, examples 5 I.3 Cost of civil works for the cables for direct surface application 5 I.4 An example of the cost of wireless system (equipment and civil works, developed coun
23、try, 2007) . 5 I.5 Reliability requirement . 5 I.6 Transmission capacity requirement 6 Bibliography. 7 iv Rec. ITU-T L.1700 (06/2016) Introduction Goal 2 of the ITU Connect 2020 Agenda for global telecommunication/information and communication technology (ICT) development addresses inclusiveness wit
24、h an overall target to “Bridge the digital divide and provide broadband for all“. The intention of this Recommendation is to address this problem focussing on telecommunications infrastructure and to show examples of new broadband technologies and best practices. One example of a definition of “Broa
25、dband“ was given in early 2015 by the United Sates Federal Communications Commission (USFCC) as 3 Mbps (up)/25 Mbps (down). Developing countries are seeking economic development using ICTs. Even rural areas can undertake outsourced businesses or offer back-office services, with just high-speed inter
26、net and a device with internet capability. E-education, e-health and other e-services are also anticipated and will improve the quality of lives and economic productivity in local communities. Thus, urban-to-rural backhaul telecommunication infrastructure needs to be implemented nationwide as soon a
27、s possible. The priority should be its ultimate affordability, followed by the best reliability since ultimate affordability may not coexist with the highest reliability. Affordability (capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operating expense (OPEX) including long-term total cost of ownership) would be imp
28、roved if installation, operation, maintenance and repair of the infrastructure were supported by the local community in a do-it-yourself manner. The digital divide would not be closed if the investment goes only where the expected short-term return on investment is greater than 1. The main objective
29、 of this Recommendation is therefore to identify the technology-independent requirements for ultimately affordable telecommunication infrastructure combined with best-effort reliability. It is strongly desired for developing countries to start implementing urban-to-rural broadband backhauls ahead of
30、 the rapidly evolving Internet of things (IoT) era in order not to further increase the digital divide. It is hoped that the ultimately affordable solutions meeting the requirements of this Recommendation can be quickly and widely implemented. To do this, grant assistance, loans of official developm
31、ent assistance (ODA) and even private funds may be required. Rec. ITU-T L.1700 (06/2016) 1 Recommendation ITU-T L.1700 Requirements and framework for low-cost sustainable telecommunications infrastructure for rural communications in developing countries 1 Scope This Recommendation identifies technol
32、ogy-independent general requirements for ultimately affordable urban-to-rural broadband backhaul infrastructure, for connecting rural, remote and sparsely populated areas in developing countries. Affordability here considers both CAPEX and OPEX of the solution to arrive at the long-term total cost o
33、f ownership. The reliability of the solution should be enhanced as far as possible to cope with harsh natural environments and difficult societal conditions specific to remote or rural areas in developing countries, although ultimate affordability may not coexist with highest reliability. Flexibilit
34、y and scalability are also needed so that the network can, over time and demand, expand telecommunications coverage both in number of users and bandwidth. In addition, environmental friendliness is becoming increasingly important. Details of the technological solutions are to be provided in Suppleme
35、nts. User terminals are out of the scope of this Recommendation. 2 References None. 3 Definitions None. 4 Abbreviations and acronyms This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms: ARPU Average Revenue Generated per User CAPEX Capital Expenditure ICT Information and Communication
36、Technology IoT Internet of Things MTBF Mean Time Between Failures MTTR Mean Time To Repair ODA Official Development Assistance OPEX Operating Expense RoI Return on Investment 5 Conventions None. 6 Framework of the Recommendation This Recommendation is intended to be accompanied by the following Supp
37、lements: 2 Rec. ITU-T L.1700 (06/2016) 1) Capacity transfer via repeaters 2) Fibre optic cables* 3) Microwave and millimetre radio links* 4) Cellular radio technologies 5) Satellite systems Supplements identified by * have been agreed for publication. Further telecommunication technologies could be
38、the subject of additional Supplements when they become available. 6.1 General requirements for low-cost sustainable telecommunications infrastructure for rural communications in developing countries This clause identifies requirements for low-cost backhaul solutions for urban-to-rural connectivity s
39、pecific to remote areas in developing countries. Figure 1 is an example of a generic network. Access networks and user terminals are not included within the boundary for costing the backhaul infrastructure. Figure 1 Example of a generic network It is noted that backbone network is also referred to a
40、s core network. In many rural areas it would be difficult to generate sufficient revenue to support the introduction of digital services. It is therefore understood that other financial solutions including grant assistance, ODA loans and universal service obligations may be needed to enable services
41、 to be extended to all people. For example, if a village has the average revenue generated per user (ARPU) of one US dollar per month and has a population of 1000 people per service area with a penetration of 50% then the OPEX per service area of just USD 500 per month is available. To make the infr
42、astructure sustainable in the service area, some financial support may be needed. In many rural areas it has been difficult to introduce broadband services because broadband backhaul solutions have not been sufficiently affordable. However, it is strongly desired for developing countries to start im
43、plementing urban-to-rural broadband backhauls ahead of rapidly evolving IoT era in order to avoid digital exclusion and reduce the digital divide. The following requirements have been identified for low-cost sustainable telecommunications infrastructure for rural communications in developing countri
44、es: 1. Ultimate affordability with best-effort reliability. Affordability considers both CAPEX and OPEX. The need for electric power must be included and that often greatly increases CAPEX and OPEX Rec. ITU-T L.1700 (06/2016) 3 2. Reliability as defined in terms of mean time between failures/mean ti
45、me to repair (MTBF/MTTR) 3. High data rate with sufficient upgradability 4. High flexibility (in coverage area, number of users, bandwidth) 5. High scalability (in coverage area, number of users, bandwidth) 6. Energy-efficient power feed architecture and solutions 7. Environmentally friendly life cy
46、cle 7 Metrics for low-cost sustainable telecommunications infrastructure for rural communications in developing countries In order to achieve sustainable solutions, sets of metrics have been developed to assess the performance of various technologies and service deployment against the reference fram
47、ework. The metrics should be technology and service-agnostic and be able to be used by: policymakers in drafting policies to bridge the digital divide, operators, local communities deploying infrastructure in rural areas and equipment vendors who want to improve their product lines to include equipm
48、ent that can be deployed in rural areas. These metrics will be assessed against the generic network shown in Figure 1 which allows comparison across different technologies that could be used for rural broadband provision. Details of the specific technologies are included in each Supplement. Whether
49、the user terminals should be included within the boundary for costing the network technology depends on the specific service set and whether a specific user terminal has to be provided in order to access the service. For example, a mobile service cannot be used without a mobile handset, and a satellite-based service cannot be used without a satellite terminal. However, a fixed terminal such as a PC could be used to access a number of different technologies. The following parameters should be considered for the technologies described in the Supplements. 7.
