ITU-T SERIES K SUPP 1-2014 ITU-T K 91 C Guide on electromagnetic fields and health (Study Group 5)《ITU-T K 91 –电磁场与健康指南(研究组5)》.pdf
《ITU-T SERIES K SUPP 1-2014 ITU-T K 91 C Guide on electromagnetic fields and health (Study Group 5)《ITU-T K 91 –电磁场与健康指南(研究组5)》.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《ITU-T SERIES K SUPP 1-2014 ITU-T K 91 C Guide on electromagnetic fields and health (Study Group 5)《ITU-T K 91 –电磁场与健康指南(研究组5)》.pdf(34页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T Series K TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU Supplement 1 (07/2014) SERIES K: PROTECTION AGAINST INTERFERENCE ITU-T K.91 Guide on electromagnetic fields and health ITU-T K-series Recommendations Supplement 1 K s
2、eries Supplement 1 (07/2014) i Supplement 1 to ITU-T K-series Recommendations ITU-T K.91 Guide on electromagnetic fields and health Summary The objective of Supplement 1 to the ITU-T K-series Recommendations, Guide on electromagnetic fields and health, is to answer questions commonly posed by the pu
3、blic on EMF and to address related concerns. This Guide on electromagnetic fields and health aims to: Provide electromagnetic field (EMF) information and education resources suitable for all communities, stakeholders and governments. Support clarification of the science by referencing the WHO and ot
4、her stakeholders (see Note) that provide information that is particularly useful in helping to clarify scientific uncertainties e.g., in the areas of radio frequency (RF) technology, infrastructure implementation, usage and consequential EMF exposure. NOTE The primary reference on EMF and health is
5、the World Health Organization (WHO). The primary reference on EMF assessment methods is the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T K Suppl. 1 2014-07-29 5 11.1002/10
6、00/12304 _ * To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii K series Supplement 1 (07/2014) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication
7、Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff question
8、s and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on
9、 these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this publication, the exp
10、ression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this publication is voluntary. However, the publication may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability
11、) and compliance with the publication is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the publicat
12、ion is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this publication may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed I
13、ntellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the publication development process. As of the date of approval of this publication, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this publication. Howe
14、ver, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the pr
15、ior written permission of ITU. K series Supplement 1 (07/2014) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Introduction to EMF . 1 1.1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 1.2 What is an electromagnetic field (EMF)? 1 1.3 What is a radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field? 1 1.4 What is ionizing radiation? . 2 1.5 Wha
16、t is non-ionizing radiation? . 2 2 Overview of EMF and health . 2 2.1 International EMF Project 2 2.2 Information on mobile phones and health 3 2.3 Information on base stations and health . 3 2.4 Information on human exposure guidelines . 3 2.5 Research on EMF and health 4 2.6 Effects of EMF . 4 2.7
17、 International Agency for Research on Cancer 4 3 Mobile phones and base stations 6 3.1 How mobiles and wireless devices work 6 3.2 Towers and antennas 7 3.3 Does the power of a base station vary? 7 3.4 Mobile phone power transmitters . 7 4 Mobile phones and SAR . 8 4.1 What is SAR? . 8 4.2 How SAR v
18、aries . 8 4.3 How important is the SAR value? 9 4.4 How SAR is measured for devices . 10 4.5 Example of SAR test results . 10 4.6 Does SAR vary between mobile phones? 11 4.7 Are low SAR mobile phones safer? . 11 4.8 Finding the SAR for your mobile . 11 5 Relevant EMF guidelines and standards . 11 5.
19、1 Human EMF exposure guidelines 11 5.2 Safety factors 12 5.3 ITU standards and guidelines . 12 5.4 IEC standards 13 5.5 IEEE standards . 13 6 Mobile phones and EMF FAQ . 14 6.1 What are the health risks associated with mobile phones and their base stations? 14 6.2 Do mobile phones emit radiation? 15
20、 iv K series Supplement 1 (07/2014) Page 6.3 How much power does a mobile phone transmit? 15 6.4 How does adaptive power control work? . 15 6.5 Does the EMF from my mobile vary? 15 6.6 What are exposure levels from mobile phones? . 15 6.7 What is the typical power of a mobile phone? . 16 6.8 How can
21、 I reduce exposure from my mobile? 16 6.9 Do mobile phone shields reduce exposure? . 17 6.10 Do mobiles radiate less EMF when close to a base station? 17 6.11 Do mobiles have less EMF when the signal display has full bars? 17 6.12 Does texting have lower exposure compared to calls? . 17 6.13 Are we
22、at a high risk of EMF exposure when using mobile phones inside high speed transportation? 17 6.14 Is using a mobile phone in the car or at home safer because these constitute a barrier to radiation? . 18 6.15 Are children more vulnerable to the EMF from mobile phones than adults? . 18 7 Base station
23、s and EMF FAQ 19 7.1 What are the EMF levels around base stations? . 19 7.2 Is it safe to live near a base station, or to locate base stations near schools? 19 7.3 Do more base stations reduce EMF? 20 7.4 Is it safe to locate base stations on hospitals? . 20 7.5 Are there restricted areas in front o
24、f base station antennas? 20 8 EMF standards FAQ . 20 8.1 Who sets the EMF human exposure standards? . 20 8.2 Is there a safety margin built into the standards? . 20 8.3 Are children and pregnant women protected by the safety standard? 21 8.4 Are people with electronic implants protected by the safet
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