1、2010 年武汉大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、名词解释1 allophone2 maxim of quality3 conjoining4 manner of articulation5 blending二、分析题6 Analyze the Following Text from A Linguistic Point of View.The crisp April air whipped through the open window of the Citroen ZX as it skimmed south past the Opera House and crossed P
2、lace Vendome. In the passenger seat, Robert Langdon felt the city tear past him as he tried to clear his thoughts. His quick shower and shave had left him looking reasonably presentable but had done little to ease his anxiety. The frightening image of the curators body remained locked in his mind.Ja
3、cques Sauniere is dead.Langdon could not help but feel a deep sense of loss at the curators death. Despite Saunieres reputation for being reclusive, his recognition for dedication to the arts made him an easy man to revere. His books on the secret codes hidden in the paintings of Poussin and Teniers
4、 were some of Langdons favorite classroom texts. Tonights meeting had been one Langdon was very much looking forward to, and he was disappointed when the curator had not shown.Again the image of the curators body flashed in his mind. Jacques Sauniere did that to himself? Langdon turned and looked ou
5、t the window, forcing the picture from his mind.Outside, the city was just now winding down-street vendors wheeling carts of candied amandes, waiters carrying bags of garbage to the curb, a pair of late night lovers cuddling to stay warm in a breeze scented with juniper blossom. The Citroen navigate
6、d the chaos with authority, its dissonant two-tone siren parting the traffic like a knife.三、比较评论题7 Compare: linguistic competence and linguistic performance.(10 points)8 Comment on the following observation in about 150 words.(10 points)“The meaning of a word is not an unanalysable whole. “2010 年武汉大
7、学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、名词解释1 【正确答案】 The different realization of the same phoneme in different phonetic environment are the allophones of that phoneme. For example, when the two words peak and speak are actually pronounced, we know that in English there is a rule that /p/ is unaspirated after /s/ but
8、aspirated in other places. In order to bring out the phonetic difference, the phonetic transcription for peak isphi: k, and that for speak isspi: k. Therefore,p, phare two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /p/, and they are called allophones of the phoneme /p/.【试题解析】 (考查音位变体)2 【正确答案】
9、In order to specify the CP further, Grice introduced four categories of maxims. They are maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relation, and maxim of manner. The maxim of quality means that you should try to make your contribution one that is true, meaning that: do not say what you believe t
10、o be false; do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.【试题解析】 (考查合作原则中的质量准则)3 【正确答案】 Conjoining refers to the process where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another. The sentences made up in this way can be understood as instances of coordination. The conjunctions used in this c
11、ase are and, but, and or. For example, give me liberty or give me death.【试题解析】 (考查连接)4 【正确答案】 It refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract. The manner of articulation refers to ways in which articulati
12、on can be accomplished:(a)the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instance or a relatively long period;(b)they may narrow the space considerably or(c)they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other. For example, in English,p, t, dare stops.【试题解析】 (考查发音方式)5 【正确答案】
13、 Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word together, or by only joining the initial parts of the two words. For example, smoke + fogsmog.【试题解析】 (考查词汇变化中的混成法)二、分析题6 【正确答案】 Th
14、e extent to which the phonological, grammatical and semantic features of the language are salient or foregrounded in some way is what seems to distinguish literary from non-literary usage.(2 points)(1)Point of view refers to any method through which persons perspective of the story is viewed and, al
15、so, how it is expressed to the audience. A limited omniscient point of view might reveal the inner thoughts of more than one character but not all. Those other characters would be known by what anyone can observe externally, but the author does not tell you whats in their minds. From this text, read
16、ers can know Robert Langdons mind or thinking, but readers do not know the other persons minds. So this text is the limited omniscient point of view.(2 points)(2)Foregrounding refers to the part of a scene nearest to the viewer, or figuratively the most noticeable position. As a literary device, it
17、means to put something or somebody in the most essential part of the description or narration, other than in a background position. The language in this text employs foregrounding. For example, Jacques Sauniere is dead. This sentence is a whole paragraph, making the sentence conspicuous.(2 points)(3
18、)As for the figure of speech, this text adopts many metaphor, making a comparison between two unlike elements. This comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the frightening image of the curators body remained locked in his mind, here the image is compared to something concrete in his m
19、ind.(2 points)(4)Cohesion is a concept to do with discourse or text and it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text. In this text, cohesion is achieved by employing various devices; conjunction(e. g. His quick shower and shave had left him looking reasonably presentable but had done
20、 little to ease him anxiety); reference(e. g. The frightening image of the curators body remained locked in his mind); substitution(e. g. Jacques Sauniere did that to himself).(2 points)【试题解析】 考查从语言学的角度分析文学作品。语言的语音、语法和语义特征显著化或前景化的程度，可以作为区分语言的文学用法和非文学用法的标志。本文节选自著名小说达芬奇密码。首先，可以从视角方面来分析作品的特征；其次，这篇文章运用了
21、大量的前景化写法；再次，文章运用了大量的暗喻；最后，文章应用了较多的衔接与连贯的手段。三、比较评论题7 【正确答案】 The distinction between linguistic competence and linguistic performance is proposed by Chomsky. Linguistic competence refers to a language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules, while linguistic performance is the actual use
22、of language in concrete situations.(4 points)According to Chomsky, competence refers to the underlying competence as a system of generative processes and linguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal speaker-listener, in a completely homogeneous speech-community who knows its language perfe
23、ctly. In other words, this distinction is between what people know and what they really do.(2 points)A speakers competence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and other social factors. The factors may vary among individual language users, but most of them may be classi
24、fied into ethnic background, socioeconomic status, regions of the country and other physical state changes within the individual.(2 points)For example, foreign language learners may have a good knowledge of English but may still make mistakes in the real use of language. The use of the pronouns may
25、always cause trouble for English learners. Other examples may include the use of articles, tense and the plural forms of nouns.(2 points)【试题解析】 考查语言能力和语言运用的区别。乔姆斯基在句法理论的若干问题中讨论过它们的区别。语言使用者对于语言规则系统的潜在意识成为其语言能力，而语言运用指在具体场景中语言的实际运用。乔姆斯基认为潜在的语言能力是一个具备生成机制的系统，他认为语言学理论涉及的主要是在一个完全同一的言语社会中理想的说话人一听话人，他们完全掌握了
26、这个社会的语言。人的语言能力是固定的，但是人的语言运用受到社会文化背景等各种因素的影响。8 【正确答案】 The meaning of a word can be seen as a complex of different semantic features. On the analogy of distinctive features in phonology, some linguists suggest that there are SEMANTIC FEATURES, or SEMANTIC COMPONENTS. That is, the meaning of a word is
27、not an unanalysable whole. There are semantic units smaller than the meaning of a word. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analysed into three components; + HUMAN, + YOUNG and + MALE. This is based on the belief that there are semantic units smaller than the meaning of a word, that is t
28、o say, the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features or properties. The analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features, and it is these features that distinguish the word meaning. Since it is economical, componential analysis gives a bette
29、r account for sense relations and those between sentences.(6 points)It is claimed that by showing the semantic components of a word in this way, we may better account for sense relations. Usually, plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in th
30、e meaning of a word, and these feature symbols are written in capitalized letters. For example, the meaning of the word boy can be analyzed into + HUMAN, - ADULT, + MALE. Therefore, we can say that “ the meaning of a word is not an unanalysable whole“.(4 points)【试题解析】 考查词的语义成分。从语义学的角度讲，词也可以被进一步分析。一些语言学家建议，设置语义特征或语义成分。也就是说，词义并非不可分析的整体。它可以被看做由不同语义特征组成的复合体，有比词义更小的语义单位。如单词 boy 可以被分析为三部分：+HUMAN，+YOUNG，+MALE 。
