1、2011 年中山大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、音标题1 Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary.(10 points)Example: find/faind/, beneath/bini:/corpora2 sociologist3 chef4 debris5 nasal6 embedding7 antonymy8 facial9 annotated10 phonetics二、填空题11 Lyons predicted in the seventie
2、s by pointing out that linguistics is_, rather than speculative or intuitive; it operates with publicly variable date obtained by means of observation or experiment.12 Phonetic similarity means that the_of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance.13 Words can be classified into variable words a
3、nd invariable words. As for variable words, they may have _ changes. That is, the same word may have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant.14 In their book _ written in 1923,C. K. Ogden and I.A. Richards presented a “ representative list of the main definitions
4、 which reputable students of meaning have favoured. “ There are 16 major categories of them, with sub-categories all together, numbering 22.15 Hyponymy is a matter of class membership. The upper term in this sense relation, i. e. the class name, is called _, and the lower terms, the members, Hyponym
5、s.16 Charles Darwin, the founder of Evolution Theory, was one of the first keeping the diary of his sons _.17 And the Firthian tradition in this respect was further developed by the founder of systemic-functional linguistics, M.A.K. Halliday, whose contributions to sociolinguistics could be better s
6、een from his understanding of language from a socially _ or interactional perspective, his functional interpretation of grammar as a resource for meaning potential, and his linguistic model in the study of literature.18 For some reasons, much of the research on writing has concentrated on the prepar
7、ation and revision processes rather than on the sentence generation and lexical access processes that have been the focus of_language production.19 As Carter and Simpson(1989)observed that “if the 1960s was a decade of formalism in stylistics, the 1970s a decade of functionalism, and the 1980s a dec
8、ade of_stylistics. “20 As a compromise between the “purely form-focused approaches“ and the “purely meaning-focused“ approaches, a recent movement called _ seems to take a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning.21 While Firth inherited the tradition by taking up some of_s and
9、 Malinowskis views, he developed their theories and put forward his own original points of view.22 Mood is made up of two parts: the “Subject“ and the “_“ element.23 In spite of the dominant influences of Transformational Generative Grammar in the American linguistic scholarship, it has been challen
10、ged by a number of rebels, among whom, are Fillmore with his _and other with Generative Semantics.24 The idea of_was first developed by Roman Jacobson(1896 - 1982)in the 1940s as a means of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds.25
11、 Tone refers to the pitch on a syllable of a word. When pitch is related to a sentence, it is called _.三、名词解释26 Logical subject27 Sentence28 Performatives29 Orientational metaphor30 SPEAKING31 Free indirect thought32 Blog33 Applied linguistics34 Mental processes35 Error analysis四、举例说明题36 Phoneme is
12、the smallest meaningful unit of sound and morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in grammar.37 In Chinese tone changes are used in the way that affects the meanings of individual words.38 Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its co
13、nstituents, i. e. , a word or a group of words, which serve as a definable centre or head.五、简答题39 What are the similarities and differences between a phrase and a clause?40 What are the characteristics of Grices “conversational implicature“ ?41 What does Hallidays Systemic Grammar aim to do?2011 年中山
14、大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、音标题1 【正确答案】 corpora-/ /2 【正确答案】 sociologist-/ /3 【正确答案】 chef-/ef/4 【正确答案】 debris-/deibri:/5 【正确答案】 nasal-/neizl/6 【正确答案】 embedding-/imbedi /7 【正确答案】 antonymy-/ /8 【正确答案】 facial-/ /9 【正确答案】 annotated-/ /10 【正确答案】 phonetics-/ /二、填空题11 【正确答案】 empirical【试题解析】 (考查对语言学的了解)莱昂斯在 70 年代就
15、指出语言学是经验的，而不是猜想的或直觉的：它的操作是依靠由观察和实验得来的数据进行的。12 【正确答案】 allophones【试题解析】 (考查音位变体)发音近似性是指一个音素的音位变体在语音上必须有一定的相似性。13 【正确答案】 inflective【试题解析】 (考查可变化词)词可以分为可变化词和不可变化词，可变化词可以进行屈折变化，也就是说同一个词可以变化成不同的语法形式，但其中的一部分保持不变。14 【正确答案】 The Meaning of Meaning【试题解析】 (考查意义)奥格登和理查兹在 1923 年出版的意义的意义一书中罗列了 16 大类“著名意义研究者提出的有代表性
16、的主要定义”，加上次类则共有 22种。15 【正确答案】 Superordinate【试题解析】 (考查上下义关系)上下义关系是一种类和成员之间的关系。位于这种意义关系上位的词语，即类名，叫做上坐标词；居于下位的是成员，叫做下义词。16 【正确答案】 speech development【试题解析】 (考查对达尔文的了解)进化论的创始人查尔斯-达尔文是第一个对其儿子的言语发展做日记记录的人。17 【正确答案】 semiotic【试题解析】 (考查韩礼德对语言学的贡献)伦敦学派由于韩礼德在符号学、系统功能语言学以及社会语言学方面的杰出贡献而得到了进一步的发扬光大。在符号学方面，他提供了一种社会符
17、号学或交互学的新视角。在语法研究中，他强调功能语法观，认为语法体系是一个体现意义潜势的选择系统。他所构建的语言学分析模式，在文学作品的研究中，也得到了广泛的应用。18 【正确答案】 spoken【试题解析】 (考查书面语和口头语)由于某些原因，大多数对书面语写作的研究常常关注的是计划过程和修改过程，而对口头语的研究则以句子生成和词汇提取为研究焦点。19 【正确答案】 discourse【试题解析】 (考查对语言学发展阶段的特征的了解)卡特和辛普森认为“如果 20世纪 60 年代是形式主义文体学的十年，20 世纪 70 年代是功能主义文体学的十年，那么 20 世纪 80 年代则是语篇文体学的十年
18、”。20 【正确答案】 focus on form【试题解析】 (考查关注语言形式)作为“完全以语言形式为中心”和“完全以语言意义为中心”的折中途径，近年来出现的“关注语言形式”对语言学习中语法的作用采取了一种折中的态度。21 【正确答案】 Saussure【试题解析】 (考查弗斯对语言学的贡献)弗斯通过吸收索绪尔和马林诺夫斯基的某些观点而继承了他们的传统，同时又发展了他们的理论并提出了自己独到的见解。22 【正确答案】 Finite【试题解析】 (考查语气的组成部分)语气由两部分组成：主语和限定成分。23 【正确答案】 Case Grammar【试题解析】 (考查转换生成语法)无论转换生成语
19、法对美国语言学研究的成就有着多么强大的影响，它仍然遇到诸多挑战，其中就有菲尔莫尔的格语法和其他学者的生成语义学。24 【正确答案】 distinctive features【试题解析】 (考查区别性特征)区别性特征首先由雅克布逊于 20 世纪 40 年代提出，目的是找出一套音系的对照或对比特征，以概括语音的某些方面。25 【正确答案】 intonation【试题解析】 (考查语调)声调指的是单词音节上的音高。当音高与句子相联系时，那它就被叫做语调。三、名词解释26 【正确答案】 Logical subject refers to the core subject, which is objec
20、t of a preposition in a passive voice. It is called the logical subject because semantically the core subject still does what a subject normally does: it performs an action.【试题解析】 (考查逻辑主语的定义)27 【正确答案】 A sentence is an expression in natural language, and is often defined to indicate a grammatical uni
21、t consisting of one or more words that generally bear minimal syntactic relation to the words that precede or follow it. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request, command or suggestion.【试题解析】 (考查句子的定义)28 【正确答案】 When the sentences do not
22、 describe things, and cannot be said to be true or false, and the uttering of these sentences is, or is a part of, the doing of an action, they are called performatives; the verbs are called performative verbs, such as name, bet, promise.【试题解析】 (考查施为句的定义)29 【正确答案】 Orientational metaphor gives a conc
23、ept a spatial orientation. They are characterized not so much by structuring one concept in terms of another, but by a co-occurrence in our experience. The orientational metaphors are grounded in an experiential basis, which link together the two parts of the metaphor. The link verb “is“ , part of t
24、he metaphor, should be seen as the link of two different co-occurring experiences.【试题解析】 (考查方位隐喻的定义)30 【正确答案】 SPEAKING is a mnemonic way of summarizing certain components of speech which make possible the description and analysis of communicative behavior: S = Situation(场景), P = Participants(参与者), E
25、 = Ends , A = Act sequence(相关形式与内容), K = Key(语气), I = Instrumentalities(语 式), N = Norms( 准则), and G = Genres(体裁).【试题解析】 (考查交际民族学模式)31 【正确答案】 The use of free indirect thought constitutes a move away from the norm towards the character end of the scale, compared with free indirect speech, which consti
26、tutes a move in the opposite direction. The typical effect of FIT is that we feel close to the character, almost inside his head as he thinks, and sympathize with his viewpoint.【试题解析】 (考查自由间接思维)32 【正确答案】 Blog, the short term for weblog, is defined by Dan Gilmore as “ an online journal comprised of l
27、inks and postings in reverse chronological order, meaning the most recent posting appears at the top of the page“.【试题解析】 (考查博客的定义)33 【正确答案】 Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems. Some of t
28、he academic fields related to applied linguistics are education, linguistics, psychology, computer science, anthropology, and sociology.【试题解析】 (考查应用语言学的定义)34 【正确答案】 Mental processes is a term closely related to cognition, which refers to the mental processes of an individual, with particular relatio
29、n to a view that argues that the mind has internal mental states(such as beliefs, desires and intentions)and can be understood in terms of information processing, especially when a lot of abstraction or concretization is involved, or processes such as involving knowledge, expertise or learning for e
30、xample are at work.【试题解析】 (考查认知的心理过程)35 【正确答案】 Error analysis is the study and analysis of the errors made by second language learners. Error analysis may be carried out in order to identify strategies which learners use in language learning; to identify the causes of learners errors; to obtain info
31、rmation on common difficulties in language learning, as an aid to teaching or in the preparation of teaching materials.【试题解析】 (考查错误分析)四、举例说明题36 【正确答案】 Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words. For example, the change of the phonemetin the word tin intodcan
32、change the word into din with a totally different meaning. Therefore, we can say that phoneme is the smallest meaningful unit of sound.(2 points)Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller u
33、nits without destroying or drastically changing the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. For example, the word chairman is made up of chair and man. Words like boys, and disappointment can likewise be further analyzed. They are made up of boy and -s, appoint and -ment. These smaller compon
34、ents are known as morphemes. But they themselves cannot be further analyzed.(2 points)As to the correspondence between the two levels of language, there are several occasions. Firstly, a single phoneme may represent a single morpheme, but they are not identical. The phoneme /z/ in the word goes is a
35、lso the third person singular present tense morpheme, but /z/ occurs very often when it has nothing to do with this specific morpheme. Secondly, morphemes may also be presented by phonological structures other than a single phoneme. They may be monophonemic(dogs), monosyllabic(lovely), or polysyllab
36、ic(tobacco). Thus, the syllabic(phonological)structure of a word and its morphemic(morphological)structure do not necessarily correspond. Thirdly, some morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as dog, cat, but in other instances, a morpheme may have different shapes or phonetic forms. For
37、example, the morpheme that expresses plurality in English may take the forms of -s, -es, -en, in words like maps, watches, oxen and so on.(6 points)【试题解析】 考查音素和语素的意义。音素是语音最小的有区别意义作用的单位，而语素是语法中最小的意义单位。两者在语言层面上存在一定的一致性。一个单一音素可以代表一个单一语素；语素也可以由音系结构而不是单一音素表示；还有一些语素在任何语境中都只有一个形式，如 dog，cat 等；但其他语素可能受某些限制而有
38、不同的书写形式或语音形式，称为语素变体，如表达复数的语素变体有-s ，一 es，一 en 等，它们都是复数语素的语素变体。37 【正确答案】 In Chinese tone changes are used in the way that affects the meanings of individual words. In Chinese Mandarin, a syllable such asbacan have at least four meanings depending on the tone on which it is spoken. More meanings are fo
39、und if we consider the different characters with the same pronunciation and tone from. Languages like Chinese are known as Tone Languages.(5 points)For example, the Pinyinbahas four tones. The first tone, called the high level can mean the Chinese character “A“, meaning “eight“ in English. The secon
40、d tone, called high rising can mean “拔“ , an equivalent of the English phrase “pull out“. The third tone, called low falling rising, can mean the Chinese character “靶“ , meaning “target“ in English. The fourth tone, called high falling, can mean the Chinese character “坝“, meaning “dam“ in English. T
41、herefore we can say tones can change the meaning of words in Chinese.(5 points)【试题解析】 考查汉语中声调的作用。在汉语中，声调能影响字词的意义。例如，在普通话中，ba这个音节按声调的不同至少有四种不同的意义，如果考虑到有相同发音和声调形式的不同汉字，还有更多的意义。在声调方面类似汉语的语言叫做声调语言。38 【正确答案】 Endocentric construction refers to the construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent
42、 to that of one or more of its constituents, i. e. , a word or a group of words, which serve as a definable head or center of the whole. So, it is also called headed construction.(1 point)Usually noun phrases, verb phrases and adjective phrases belong to endocentric types because the constituent ite
43、ms are subordinate to the head.(3 points)The endocentric construction can be further divided into two types: subordinate endocentric construction, such as two dogs, swimming in the lakes, very late; coordinate endocentric construction, such as the lady and the man, go to the library and read a book.
44、(3 points)Eg.【试题解析】 考查向心结构。向心结构是指该结构的分布在功能上相当于它的一个或多个成分，即有一个词或词组可确定为中心词(head) 。一般各词短语、动词短语和形容词短语都属于向心结构。向心结构可分为两类，一类是从属向心结构，另一类是并列向心结构。五、简答题39 【正确答案】 A phrase is a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the typical subject-predicate structure of a clause. Traditionall
45、y, it is seen as part of a structural hierarchy, positioned between clause and word. Therefore, first, a phrase must be a group of words which form a constituent; second, a phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than clauses; more precisely, simple clauses may(and usually do)contain phrases, b
46、ut simple phrases do not(in general)contain clauses. For example, the three tallest girls is a nominal phrase, and has been doing is a verbal phrase.(5 points)A clause is the smallest grammatical unit that can express a complete proposition. It may be a constituent with its own subject and predicate
47、 in a complex sentence. Clause can also be classified into FINITE and NON-FINITE clauses, the latter including the traditional infinitive phrase, participial phrase, and gerundial phrase. In the sentence The best thing would be to leave early, to leave early is a non-finite clause, but it still has
48、its logical subject.(5 points)The similarity between a phrase and a clause is that both of them are a group of words.The differences between them are as follows;i. Phrases do not have a subject or predicate, while clauses have both a subject and a predicate;ii. Phrases are always dependent while cla
49、uses can be dependant and independent. Independent clauses are full sentences, and dependant clauses are not full sentences.(5 points)【试题解析】 考查短语与小句的异同。短语是包括两个或多个词的单一成分结构，它不具备小句特有的主谓结构。传统上，它被看作是结构等级的一部分，位于小句和词之间。因此，短语首先必须是组成一个成分的一组词。其次，短语在语法等级上低于小句。更确切地说，简单小句可以并且通常包含短语，但是简单短语一般不包括小句。小句是指被包含在大句中的拥有自身主语和谓语的成分，可以分为限定和非限定小句，后者包括传统的不定式短语、分词短语及动名词短语。40 【正确答案】 Conversational implicature was proposed by H. P. Grice. He coined the term implicature for co
