1、2011 年北京航空航天大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、简答题1 What are the main branches of linguistics? Please identify three branches and explain them briefly.2 The following sentences may have more than one reading. Would you please disambiguate them and state your reasons?(1)The chicken is too hot to eat.(2)Flying pl
2、anes can be dangerous.3 What is the difference between literal language and figurative language? Please give concrete examples to elaborate your points.4 Could the sentence “As the night fell, the wind rose“ be alternatively expressed as “As the wind rose, the night fell“? Why or why not? Does this
3、indicate a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order?5 What are some important contributions that sociolinguistics has made to language teaching? 6 What is construal in cognitive linguistics? Please give examples to elaborate its different dimensions.7 Read the following paragraph and list all th
4、e function words, including all forms of be. Give the percentage of function words in this paragraph.She was a small woman, old and wrinkled. When she started washing for us, she was already past seventy. Most Jewish women of her age were sickly, weak, broken in body. But this washwoman, small and t
5、hin as she was, possessed a strength that came from generations of peasant ancestors. Mother would count out to her a bag of laundry that had accumulated over several weeks. She would lift the heavy bag, load it on her narrow shoulders, and carry it the long way home.8 What different forms of sound
6、patterning can you find in the following stanza of the poem “Easter Wings“ by George Herbert(1593-1663)?Lord, who createdst man in wealth and store,Though foolishly he lost the same,Decaying more and more,Till he becameMost poore;With theeO let me riseAs larks, harmoniously,And sing this day thy vic
7、tories;Then shall the fall further the flight in me.9 Analyze the following text from the semantic point of view. Explain whether it is justifiable “To call me colored“?Colored Dear White Fella You White FellaCouple things you should know When you born, you pink When I born, I black When you grow up
8、, you whiteWhen I grow up, I black When you go in sun, you redWhen I go in sun, I black When you cold, you blueWhen I cold, 1 black When you scared you yellowWhen I sacred, 1 black When you sick, you greenWhen I sick, I black And when you die you greyWhen I dieI still black And you have the cheekTo
9、call me colored?2011 年北京航空航天大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、简答题1 【正确答案】 It is generally agreed that linguistics should include at least six branches, namely, phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is, how sp
10、eech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words, and connected speech. Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of
11、a language by treating phoneme as the point of departure. Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. It deals with particular utterances in particular situations and is especially concerned with the various ways in which many social contexts of language performance can influence interpretation.【
12、试题解析】 (考查语言学的分支)2 【正确答案】 (1)The chicken is too hot to eat.The sentence could be explained in two ways: It is so hot that the chicken is reluctant to eat anything; The chicken is so hot that it is difficult for the person to eat. The second explanation means that the sentence should be considered as
13、The chicken is too hot to be eaten.(2)Flying planes can be dangerous.The sentence could be explained in two ways; It can be dangerous to fly a plane; The plane that is flying can be dangerous. This is because flying can be used to modify planes, as well as be considered as a gerund, so that flying p
14、lane is a gerund phrase.【试题解析】 (考查句子分析)3 【正确答案】 The first meaning for a word that a dictionary definition gives is usually its literal meaning. The figurative use of language is a word or phrase that departs from everyday literal language for the sake of comparison, emphasis, clarity or freshness. F
15、or example, the literal meaning of the word tree is “a tall woody plant“. However, once we start talking about a tree in the context of a family tree, it is no longer a literal tree we are talking about, but a figurative one. Therefore, the literal use of the word tree refers to an organism which ha
16、s bark, branches and leaves. A family tree shares some of these qualitiesgraphically, a record of a family and a representation of a tree can look similar, and in a way they are both a process of organic growth, so we use the same word tree for both.【试题解析】 (考查字面语言与比喻语言的区别)4 【正确答案】 The sentence “ As
17、the night fell, the wind rose“ cannot be alternatively expressed as “ As the wind rose, the night fell“ , because the focus of the two sentences is different. The former lays its emphasis on the rising wind, and the latter lays its emphasis on the falling of the night. Therefore, we can say that at
18、the syntactic level, language is not arbitrary.【试题解析】 (考查语言在句子层面上的任意性)5 【正确答案】 As far as language teaching is concerned, sociolinguistics is believed to have made some important contributions which can further be summarized as follows:(1)Sociolinguistics has contributed to a change of emphasis in th
19、e content of language teaching;(2)It has also contributed to innovations in materials and activities for the classroom;(3)It has contributed to a fresh look at the nature of language development and use;(4)It has contributed to a more fruitful research in this field.【试题解析】 (考查社会语言学对语言教学的贡献)6 【正确答案】
20、Construal is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation etc.(4 points)(1)Attention/Salience; The operations grouped under salience have to do with our direction of a
21、ttention towards something that is salient to us. E. g. a. He cleaned the window, b. He opened the window. This example draws attention to the glass in the window, whereas the frame of the window is more salient in the example.(2 points)(2)Judgment/Comparison: The construal operations of judgment/co
22、mparison have to do with judging something by comparing it to something else. For example:a. Theres a catfigureon the matground.b. Batmanfigurewas standing on the roofground.c. Wetrajectorwent across the fieldlandmark.d. Hetrajectors going to Londonlandmark.(2 points)(3)Perspective/Situatedness: Ano
23、ther construal operation in cognitive linguistics is regarded to be perspective, in which we view a scene in terms of our situatedness. For example:a. My bike is in front of the car.b. My bike is behind the car.(2 points)【试题解析】 考查识解的定义。识解是一种用交替的方式对同一场景进行构想和描述的能力，这种能力是通过详细程度、不同的心理扫描、指向性、有力位置、图形一背景分离等
24、加以实现的。识解操作可以分为三类：注意力突显、判断对比、视点观察者位置。7 【正确答案】 The function words in this paragraph are; she, was, a, and, when, she, for, she, was, past, of, her, were, in, but, this, and, as, she, a, that, from, of, would, to, her, a, of, that, had, over, she, would, the, it, on, her, and, it, the. Altogether there
25、 are 85 words in the paragraph, including40 function words, and 45 lexical words. Therefore, the percentage of function words is 40/85 47% .(10 points)【试题解析】 考查功能词。功能词即语法词，指的是主要参与词组、小句、复合小句甚至语篇的构建的一类词，包括连词、介词、冠词和代词等。8 【正确答案】 There are eight different forms of sound patterning, including; rhyme, end
26、rhyme, alliteration, assonance, consonance, reverse rhyme, pararhyme and repetition. In this poem, we can find the following six forms of sound patterning.(2 points)Alliteration; store/same; Lord/lost; this/thy/then/the; fall/further/flight; more/meAssonance; Lord/store/fall; Though/most; same/decay
27、ingConsonance; man/inRhyme; more/poore/store; because/same; thee/me/harmoniouslyHalf-rhyme; rise/victoriesRepetition; more/more; me/me.(8 points)【试题解析】 考查语音模式。包括头韵、准押韵、辅音韵、押韵、半押韵和反复。9 【正确答案】 This poem is about the use of the word “colored“. The author cleverly makes use of “colored“ in the sense of
28、“different colors“ to oppose the practice to refer to black people as “colored“. This shows from another point of view that “colored“ is not a superordinate to “red“ , “green“ , “yellow“ , etc.(10 points)【试题解析】 考查词的语义成分分析。作者使用不同的词来解释 colored，没有用 colored 来指代黑人，colored 指人时，意为有色人种，带有歧视色彩。从语义学的角度，我们也可以说 colored 与 red，green ，yellow 等词语不是上下义的关系。
