1、2011 年武汉大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、单项选择题1 Verbal dueling, the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, is mainly to do with the_ function of language.（A）performative（B） interpersonal（C） informative（D）recreational2 Textual cohesiveness can be realized by employing all the following cohesive devices
2、 except（A）conjunction（B） ellipsis（C） collocation（D）lexical repetition二、名词解释3 assimilation4 language acquisition三、简答题5 What are the distinctive features of American structuralism?(7.5 points)6 It is claimed in sociolinguistics that you are what you say. How would you comment on this theoretical claim
3、?(7.5 points)7 A distinction can be drawn between Competence and Performance in the study of language.What do they refer to? Why does Chomsky draw such a distinction?(10 points)8 What are the three metafunctions of Systemic Functional Grammar? Illustrate each of themwith specific examples.(15 points
4、)2011 年武汉大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、单项选择题1 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查语言的娱乐功能。娱乐功能指因为纯粹的乐趣而使用语言，如婴儿的牙牙学语、歌者的吟唱等。2 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查连贯的方式。连贯的方式一般包括：关联、省略、词汇搭配、词汇重复、指代、替代等。二、名词解释3 【正确答案】 It is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound, a term often used synonymously
5、 with “coarticulation“. If a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, it is called regressive assimilation; the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known as progressive assimilation.【试题解析】 (考查同化的概念)4 【正确答案】 Language acquisition is one of the cen
6、tral topics in psycholinguistics. Acquiring a first language is something every child does successfully, in a manner of a few years and without the need for formal lessons. Four phases are identified and acknowledged in the process of language acquisition: holophrastic stage, two-word stage, three-w
7、ord utterances, and fluent grammatical conversation stage.【试题解析】 (考查语言习得的定义)三、简答题5 【正确答案】 Structuralism is based on the assumption that grammatical categories should be defined not in terms of meaning but in terms of distribution, and that the structure of each language should be described without r
8、eference to the alleged universality of such categories as tense, mood and parts of speech.(1.5 points)Firstly, structural grammar describes everything that is found in a language instead of laying down rules.(1.5 points)Secondly, structural grammar is empirical, aiming at objectivity in the sense t
9、hat all definitions and statements should be verifiable or refutable.(1.5 points)Thirdly, structural grammar examines all languages, recognizing and doing justice to the uniqueness of each language.(1.5 points)Lastly, structural grammar describes even the smallest contrasts that underlie any constru
10、ction or use of language, not only those discoverable in some particular use.(1.5 points)【试题解析】 考查美国结构主义的特征。结构主义基于以下假设：语法范畴应该通过分布而非意义来定义，并且描写任何一种语言的结构都不应该涉及诸如时态、语气和词性等所谓的普遍性。第一，结构主义语法只描写语言中所发现的一切，而不是特定的规则。第二，结构主义语法是经验主义的，非常注重客观性，认为所有的定义和表述要么是可证实的，要么是可证伪的。第三，结构主义语法考查所有的语言，认可并且公正对待每种语言的独特性，但却没有充分对待意义。
11、第四，结构主义语法不仅描写了语言的特殊用法，还阐述了语言结构或语言现象后面存在的最小差别。6 【正确答案】 Language is regarded as a mirror of the society, through which we can understand social activities of a certain society better. Language is both a scientific system and a social activity. It is the major bond of peoples communication.(2 points)Th
12、e selection of language is not only restricted by structural rules but also involves some socially institutionalized norms in usage. In this sense, the choice of language is both stylistically and socially governed. Some social factors are believed to influence our language behavior in a social cont
13、ext. Among these factors, some major ones include class, gender, age, ethnic identity, educational background, occupation and religious belief.(2.5 points)For example, in the middle of 1960s, William Labov made a study about the relationship between speakers social status and their phonological vari
14、ations. The result turned out that class and style were two major factors influencing the speakers choice of one phonological variant over another. Besides, there were hypotheses based on some study about women register and also there were some studies made on the black English.(2.5 points)All this
15、shows, to a certain degree, that our language can reflect our status, gender, religion, occupation and so on. Therefore we can say we are what we say.(0. 5 point)【试题解析】 考查对“尔即尔所言”的理解。“尔即尔所言”指的是在一定的社会背景中，一些社会因素影响我们的语言行为。这些因素主要包括：a)社会阶级；b) 性别；c)年龄；d)种族认同；e) 教育背景；f)职业和 g)宗教信仰。比如，拉波夫的研究表明，阶层和风格是影响说话者选择语
16、音变体的两个主要因素。此外，性别也影响着个体对自己语言的选择，因此，女性的语言和男性的语言存在一些普遍差异。因此，从某种程度上来讲，“尔即尔所言”确实有其道理。7 【正确答案】 This fundamental distinction is discussed by Chomsky in his Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. A language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called competence. While performance refers to the
17、actual use of language in concrete situations.(3 points)Competence enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speakers competence is stable, but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social
18、 factors, such as pressure, distress, anxiety, or embarrassment. Slips of the tongue, false starts, unnecessary pauses, among other things, all belong to the imperfection of performance. A person may make grammatical mistakes in speech, but that does not mean that he does not know the rules. If he i
19、s given an ungrammatical sentence, he can recognize it as ungrammatical. The point is that a speakers performance does not always match his competence.(4 points)Chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is the ideal speakers competence, because the speakers performance is too haphazard to be s
20、tudied. The task of the linguists is to discover and specify the speakers internalized rules.(3 points)【试题解析】 考查语言能力和语言运用的区别。语言能力指理想的语言使用者的抽象语言知识，也就是他对该语言的语音结构、词素和语法规则的知识。语言运用指理想的语言使用者的语言知识在实际的语言交际中的运用。它指言语行为的本身。语言能力使人能明白对方的话语，并按一定的规则表达。语言能力是相对稳定的，而语言运用往往受制于心理和社会因素。因此，说话者的语言运用并非总是等同于他应具有的语言能力。8 【正确答
21、案】 According to Halliday and his Systemic Functional Grammar, adults language mainly serves three meta-functions; the ideational function, the interpersonal function, and the textual function.(3 points)(1)The ideational functionThe ideational function is to convey new information, to communicate a c
22、ontent that is unknown to the hearer.(1 point)The ideational function mainly consists of transitivity and voice. Transitivity is simply the grammar of the clause in its ideational aspect. It consists of six different processes: material process, behavioral process, mental process, verbal process, re
23、lational process and existential process. “There is a new office building at the end of the road“ is an example of the existential process.(3 points)(2)The interpersonal functionThe interpersonal function embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relation. It includes the various
24、ways the speaker enters a speech situation and performs a speech act.(1 point)Interpersonal function is realized by mood and modality. Mood shows what role the speaker selects in a speech situation and what role he assigns to the addressee. Mood is made up of two parts: the Subject and the Finite el
25、ement. Modality specifies if the speaker is expressing his judgment or making a prediction.Except the subject and the finite element, the rest of the clause is residue. Residue has three functional elements; predicator, complement, and adjunct. For example;He was lying on his back.Sub. Fin. Predicat
26、or AdjunctMood Residue(3 points)(3)The textual functionThe textual function refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living passage different from a random list of sentences. Although two sentences
27、may have exactly the same ideational and interpersonal functions, they may be different in terms of textual coherence.(2 points)For example;Mary had a very bad cold last week. Mary went to the doctor.Mary had a very bad cold last week and went to the doctor.The textual function is realized as the thematic structure of the clause as a message. The two main constitutes are Theme and Rheme.(2 points)【试题解析】 考查成人语言的三种元功能。根据韩礼德的系统功能语法，成人的语言主要有三种元功能：概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能。概念功能向听话人传达新的信息。人际功能表达了社会和个人的关系，包括讲话者进人语言情境的形式。语篇功能是指语言中存在着一种机制，可以将口头或书面的话语组织成连贯统一的语篇，这种机制使实际的言语区别于一系列的随意的句子。
