1、2012 年四川外语学院翻译硕士英语真题试卷及答案与解析一、Vocabulary1 The true test of a leader is whether his followers will adhere to his cause from their own volition , enduring the most _hardships without being forced to do so, and remainingsteadfast in the moments of greatest peril.（A）arduous（B） strenuous（C） energetic（D）a
2、ssiduous2 It has been recognized that the causes of premature births are multifarious, and it has been speculated that environmental_, such as stress, fear, exile, and inadequate prenatal maternal care, contribute to the rate of premature births.（A）elements（B） ingredients（C） factors（D）momentums3 The
3、 limited area was already full of exasperated engineers of various types, some looking _, some angry, and some staring into space as they tried to think.（A）rejected（B） abject（C） injected（D）dejected4 Research shows that having a supportive spouse or strong ties to co-workers can help _job-related str
4、essa good reason to make some office buddies.（A）mitigate（B） decrease（C） deduct（D）diminish5 Music creates order out of chaos, for rhythm imposes unanimity upon the_, melody imposes continuity upon the disjointed, and harmony imposes compatibility upon the incongruous.（A）distributor（B） decency（C） divi
5、nity（D）divergent6 She raised her face to the rain, to the dark sky, _rather than frightened by this sudden wildness coming up from nothing around her.（A）exhilarated（B） exhibited（C） exhorted（D）excavated7 Rather than _painful memories, he prefers to devote his energy to bring warmth,confidence and lov
6、e to disadvantaged children.（A）dwell in（B） dwell on（C） dwindle by（D）dwindle with8 Home currency was to be devalued or revalued only in the case of continuing deficits or surpluses, respectively, however, countries were_to any adjustment in the parity.（A）insistent（B） resistant（C） persistent（D）consist
7、ent9 A full moon was beginning to rise and_through the upper edges of the fog, and this increased their haste, for it was plain, before they came forth again, that all would be as bright as day, and their departure exposed to the eyes of any watchers.（A）peered（B） preened（C） peeked（D）peeled10 Younger
8、 mothers may feel like the coolest room at nursery school, or they may feel_ from her unencumbered college pals.（A）intangible（B） resilient（C） estranged（D）fledgling11 Language is not merely a neutral medium for the conveying of information; it can trigger emotional responses which may_prejudice, ster
9、eotyping or misunderstanding.（A）spring from（B） revert to（C） get rid of（D）bump into12 The vacuum of space, instead of being empty, actually_particles and their antimatter counterparts.（A）occupies with（B） seethes with（C） fills in（D）full of13 There is no chance, no destiny, and no fate that can_or hind
10、er or control the firm resolve of a determined soul.（A）circulate（B） circumspect（C） circumvent（D）circumcise14 Clearly a tug of war over key policies continues between the _ and ideological camps.（A）pragmatic（B） practicable（C） dogmatic（D）feasible15 The identity of the American writers who establish th
11、emselves after World War is collectively as well as individually_.（A）manifest（B） distinct（C） apparent（D）evident16 His hands were white and small, his frame was_, his voice was quiet and his manners were refined.（A）frail（B） crisp（C） feeble（D）fragile17 When a scandal breaks, the discovery of an attemp
12、t to cover up or_the evidence of wrongdoing is often regarded as even more scandalous than the original deeds.（A）conceal（B） conceive（C） reveal（D）deceive18 This inequality cannot be_by calls for greater equality among the sexes in the past years. It is also this truth that makes it difficult for soci
13、ety to change its general view that the woman should accord priority to the family.（A）certified（B） testified（C） verified（D）rectified19 Vigorously challenged yet widely ignored, the theory had languished for half a century, primarily due to its lack of a_mechanism to support the hypothesis.（A）plausib
14、le（B） credulous（C） eligible（D）creditable20 Indeed it is not too much to_that fully to appreciate the spirit of any one of these great epics of the world, the student must possess some acquaintance with its co-ordinate ones.（A）assert（B） affirm（C） allege（D）claim二、Reading Comprehension20 A From the beg
15、inning of the 20th century, people abroad have been uncomfortable with the global impact of American culture. More recently, globalization has been the main enemy for academics, journalists, and political activists who loathe what they see as the trend toward cultural uniformity. Still, they usually
16、 regard global culture and American culture as synonymous. And they continue to insist that Hollywood, McDonalds and Disneyland are eradicating regional and local eccentricities.B Despite those allegations, the cultural relationship between the United States, and the rest of the world over the past
17、100 years has never been one-sided. On the contrary, the United States was, and continues to be, as much a consumer of foreign intellectual and artistic influences as it has been a shaper of the worlds entertainment and tastes.Section ACIn fact, as a nation of immigrants from the 19th to 21st centur
18、y, the United States has been a recipient as much as an exporter of global culture. Indeed, the influence of immigrants on the United States explains why its culture has been so popular for so long in so many places. American culture has spread throughout the world because it has incorporated foreig
19、n styles and ideas. What Americans have done more brilliantly than their competitors overseas is repackage the cultural products we receive from abroad and then retransmit them to the rest of the planet. That is why a global mass culture has come to be identified, however simplistically, with the Un
20、ited States.D Americans, after all, did not invent fast food, amusement parks, or the movies. Before the Big Mac, there were fish and chips. Before Disneyland, there was Copenhagens Tivoli Gardens (which Walt Disney used as a prototype for his first theme park in Anaheim, California a model later re
21、-exported to Tokyo and Paris). And in the first two decades of the 20th century the two largest exporters of movies around the world were France and Italy.Section BESo, the origins of todays international entertainment cannot be traced only to P. T. Barnums circuses or Buffalo Bills Wild West Show.
22、The roots of the new global culture lie as well in the European modernist assault, in the early 20th century, on 19th-century literature, music, painting, and architectureparticularly in the modernist refusal to honor the traditional boundaries between high and low culture. Modernism in the arts was
23、 improvisational, eclectic, and irreverent. Those traits have also been characteristic of American popular culture.FThe artists of the early 20th century also challenged the notion that culture was a means of intellectual or moral improvement. They did so by emphasizing style and craftsmanship at th
24、e expense of philosophy, religion, or ideology. They deliberately called attention to language in their novels, to optics in their paintings, to the materials in and function of their architecture, to the structure of music instead of its melodies.G Although modernism was mainly a European affair, i
25、t inadvertently accelerated the growth of mass culture in the U. S. Surrealism, with its dreamlike associations, easily lent itself to the wordplay and psychological symbolism of advertising, cartoons, and theme parks. Dadaism ridiculed the snobbery of elite cultural institutions and reinforced an a
26、lready-existing appetite (especially among the immigrant audiences in the United States) for “ low-class,“ disreputable nickelodeons and vaudeville shows. Stravinskys experiments with unorthodox, atonal music validated the rhythmic innovations of American jazz. Modernism provided the foundations for
27、 a genuinely new culture. But the new culture turned out to be neither modernist nor European. Instead, American artists transformed an avant-garde Project into a global phenomenon.Section CH It is in popular culture that the reciprocal relationship between America and the rest of the world can best
28、 be seen. There are many reasons for the ascendancy of American mass culture. Certainly , the ability of American-based media conglomerates to control the production and distribution of their products has been a major stimulus for the worldwide spread of American entertainment. But the power of Amer
29、ican capitalism is not the only, or even the most important, explanation for the global popularity of Americas movies and television shows.I The effectiveness of English as a language of mass communications has been essential to the acceptance of American culture: Unlike German, Russian, or Chinese,
30、 the simpler structure and grammar of English, along with its tendency to use shorter, less abstract words and more concise sentences, are all advantageous for the composers of song lyrics, ad slogans, cartoon captions, newspaper headlines, and movie and TV dialogue. English is thus a language excep
31、tionally well suited to the demands and spreed of American mass culture.JAnother factor is the international complexion of the American audience. The heterogeneity of Americas populationits regional, ethnic, religious, and racial diversityforced the media, from the early years of the 20th century, t
32、o experiment with messages, images, and story lines that had a broad multicultural appeal. The Hollywood studios, mass-circulation magazines, and the television networks have had to learn how to speak to a variety of groups and classes at home. This has given them the techniques to appeal to an equa
33、lly diverse audience abroad.K One important way that the American media have succeeded in transcending internal social divisions, national borders, and language barriers is by mixing up cultural styles. American musicians and composers have followed the example of modernist artists like Picasso and
34、Braque in drawing on elements from high and low culture. Aaron Copland, George Gershwin, and Leonard Bernstein incorporated folk melodies, religious hymns, blues and gospel songs, and jazz into their symphonies, concertos, operas, and ballets. Indeed, an art form as quintessentially American as jazz
35、 evolved during the 20th century into an amalgam of African, Caribbean, Latin American, and modernist European music. This blending of forms in Americas mass culture has enhanced its appeal to multiethnic domestic and international audiences by capturing their different experiences and tastes.Sectio
36、n DL Finally, American culture has imitated not only the modernists visual flamboyance, but also their tendency to be apolitical and anti-ideological. The refusal to browbeat an audience with a social message has accounted, more than any other factor, for the worldwide popularity of American enterta
37、inment. American movies, in particular, have customarily focused on human relationships and Private feelings, not on the problems of a particular time and place. They tell tales about romance , intrigue, success, failure, moral conflicts, and survival. The most memorable movies of the 1930s ( with t
38、he exception of The Grapes of Wrath) were comedies and musicals about mismatched people falling in love, not socially conscious films dealing with issues of poverty and unemployment. Similarly, the finest movies about World War II (like Casablanca) or the Vietnam War (like The Deer Hunter) linger in
39、 the mind long after those conflicts have ended because they explore their characters most intimate emotions rather than dwelling on headline events.MSuch intensely personal dilemmas are what people everywhere wrestle with. So Europeans, Asians, and Latin Americans flocked to Titanic, as they once d
40、id to Gone With the Wind, not because those films celebrated American values, but because people all over the world could see some part of their own lives reflected in the stories of love and loss.N Americas mass culture has often been crude and intrusive, as its critics have always complained. But,
41、 American culture has never felt all that foreign to foreigners. And, at its best, it has transformed what it received from others into a culture everyone, everywhere, could embrace a culture that is both emotionally and , on occasion, artistically compelling for millions of people throughout the wo
42、rld.O So, despite the current resurgence of anti-Americanismnot only in the Middle East but in Europe and Latin Americait is important to recognize that Americas movie television shows, and theme parks have been less “imperialistic“ than cosmopolitan. In the end, American mass culture has not transf
43、ormed the world into a replica of the United States. Instead, Americas dependence on foreign cultures has made the United States a replica of the world.Choose the correct headings for the four sections A - D from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i - xi, in the parentheses on your
44、 AnswerSheet. i Major Stimuli for the Growth of American Culture ii American Entertainment Industry iii Globalization of American Culture iv Pop Culture Potpourri in the United States v Global Impact of American Culture vi The Influence of Modernism on American Culture vii Americas Dependence on For
45、eign Cultures viii Human Relationships in American Mass Culture ix The Main Features of American Culture x American Culture and Global Culture: A Reciprocal Relationship xi The History of American Mass Culture21 Section A( )22 Section B( )23 Section C( )24 Section D( )24 Do the following statements
46、agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1 ? In theparentheses on your Answer Sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.25 European
47、modernists approved of the traditional boundaries between high and low culture.（A）YES（B） NO（C） NOT GIVEN26 The artists of the early 20th century spotlighted style and craftsmanship.（A）YES（B） NO（C） NOT GIVEN27 American mass culture is cosmopolitan rather than imperialistic.（A）YES（B） NO（C） NOT GIVEN28
48、 American culture penetrates worldwide through economic and political power.（A）YES（B） NO（C） NOT GIVEN29 Americans receive foreign cultures and try to keep them intact when transmitting them to other countries.（A）YES（B） NO（C） NOT GIVEN29 For each question below, chose the answer that best completes t
49、he sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.30 According to the author, modernism_.（A）is one of the origins of contemporary global culture（B） is valued for its emphasis on philosophy religion, or ideology（C） propagated that culture was a means of intellectual or moral improvement（D）was a phenomenon peculiar to the Unite
