1、2012 年四川大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、名词解释1 State what you know about the following terms IN ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH;(10 points)emotive function of language2 grammatical concord3 emic vs. etic4 regional dialect5 language determinism6 Define the following terms with at least two examples;(10 points)Lexical co
2、ntext7 Relative synonyms8 Affective meaning9 Initialism10 Stem二、填空题11 Fill the blanks in the following sentences with appropriate adverbs or prepositions;(10 points)A soft sea breeze set _ at midnight.12 His is wise enough to see _ all these fine pretensions.13 He set _ all objections and granted my
3、 request.14 If land is cropped and not manured, it will run _.15 The judge said he would hold _ your case until the next sifting of the court.16 If the weather holds _, I suggest we go out on a picnic.17 As neither of us would give in, the bargain fell _.18 He lets his feelings run away_ his judgmen
4、t.19 He meant to put in _a share of the profits.20 One is not sorry to see the proud pulled .三、简答题21 What are the two processes leading to polysemy?22 How are the sound and meaning of most words related? Give examples to illustrate your point.23 Please briefly answer the following question IN ABOUT
5、500 WORDS;(10 points)Pragmatics has been defined by:“PRAGMATICS = MEANING - SEMANTICS“. How do you understand this formula? Do you agree with it or not? Please support your ideas,better with examples.2012 年四川大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、名词解释1 【正确答案】 The emotive function of language is one of the most power
6、ful uses of language because it is crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.【试题解析】 (考查语言的感情功能)2 【正确答案】 Grammatical concord is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of so
7、me categories.【试题解析】 (考查语法一致性)3 【正确答案】 Coined by the linguistic anthropologist Kenneth Pike, “emic“ and “etic“ derive from an analogy with the terms “phonemic“ and “phonetic“. “Emic“ focuses on the intrinsic cultural distinctions that are meaningful to the members of a given society, while “ etic“ c
8、onstructs are accounts, descriptions, and analyses expressed in terms of the conceptual schemes and categories that are regarded as meaningful and appropriate by the community of scientific observers.【试题解析】 (考查位学的和非位)4 【正确答案】 Regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same
9、 geographic region.【试题解析】 (考查地域方言)5 【正确答案】 It is a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf, which states that the way people view the world is determined by the structure of their native language.【试题解析】 (考查语言决定论)6 【正确答案】 Linguistic context can be subdivided into
10、lexical context and grammatical context, and lexical context refers to the words that occur together with the word in question. For example, the noun “rain“ occurs together with “heavy“ , while the noun “wind“ goes with “strong“.【试题解析】 (考查词汇语境)7 【正确答案】 Synonymy refers to the sameness or close simila
11、rity of meaning. A total synonymy is rare and synonyms all differ from each other in one way or another. Relative synonyms are context dependent. For example, “purchase“ and “buy“ are synonyms, but the latter seems to be more appropriate in the sentence “A little boy_a toy. “ In the same way, “offsp
12、ring“ seems to be a better choice than “kids“ when we mention “the children from a royal family“.【试题解析】 (考查相对近义词)8 【正确答案】 According to G. Leech, affective meaning is concerned with the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer. For example, “ politician“ and “ statesman“ differ in affective meani
13、ng, and the formal is usually more approvingly, the same story goes with “cooperation“ and “conspiracy“.【试题解析】 (考查情感意义)9 【正确答案】 As a type of acronym, Initialism refers to the use of the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term or a phrase, and the new word is pronounced letter
14、by letter. Such as BBC for British Broadcasting Corporation, and VOA for Voice of America.【试题解析】 (考查首字母缩略构词法)10 【正确答案】 Stem refers to any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added, such as “brother“ in “brothers“ , and “work“ in “working“.【试题解析】 (考查词干)二、填空题11 【
15、正确答案】 in【试题解析】 (set in 开始)12 【正确答案】 through【试题解析】 (look through 看穿)13 【正确答案】 aside【试题解析】 (set aside 将搁置一旁)14 【正确答案】 out【试题解析】 (run out 流失)15 【正确答案】 off【试题解析】 (hold off 推迟，拖延)16 【正确答案】 up【试题解析】 (hold up 持续)17 【正确答案】 through【试题解析】 (fall through 失败)18 【正确答案】 from【试题解析】 (run away from 从逃出)19 【正确答案】 for【
16、试题解析】 (put in for 申请)20 【正确答案】 down【试题解析】 (pull down 摧毁，推翻)三、简答题21 【正确答案】 Polysemy refers to the fact that one word has two or more senses or meanings, and the two processes leading up to polysemy are radiation and concatenation respectively.(1 point)Radiation refers to the process in which the prim
17、ary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.(2 points)Concatenation(linking together)is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, u
18、ntil there is no connection between the final meaning and the primary meaning.(2 points)【试题解析】 考查一词多义现象的形成方式。一词多义现象指同一个词具有一个以上的意义。多义词有两种形成方式，分别是放射法和联系法。放射法指多义词的其他词义均由主要词义发散而来。联系法指多义词的第一种词义经过演变，逐渐形成其他多种词义，后来形成的词义已经与第一种词义没有联系。22 【正确答案】 Sound and meaning are related arbitrarily, which means there is no
19、 natural relationship between a linguistic sign and its meaning. The relation between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention. Even onomatopoeia is no exception. For example, we cannot explain why a book is called a /buk/in English but a /shu/in Chinese, and why a dog barks “wow
20、wow“ in English but “wang wang“ in Chinese.(3 points)Duality means the languages property of having two levels of structures. Sounds here are the units in the secondary level as opposed to words in the primary level. The only function of sounds is to combine with one another to form units that have
21、meaning, such as words.(2 points)【试题解析】 考查语言任意性和二重性的特点。任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表达的意义没有必然联系，拟声词也不例外。二重性指语言拥有两层结构，即底层结构是由没有意义的语音构成，上层结构是由意义明确的词构成。23 【正确答案】 The subject concerning the study of meaning is called semantics. More specifically speaking, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, word
22、s and sentences in particular. Meaning has always been a central topic in human scholarship, though the term “semantics“ has only a history of a little over a hundred years. There were discussions of meaning in the works of many philosophers, such as Plato and Laozi. Despite the fact that numerous d
23、ictionaries have been published each year to explain the meaning of words, semantics remains the least known aspect in linguistic study. One difficulty lies in the fact that the word “meaning“ itself has different meanings. Different linguists have different ideas on this subject. According to G. Le
24、ech, there are mainly seven types of meaning: the conceptual meaning, the connotative meaning, the social meaning, the affective meaning, the reflected meaning, the collocative and the thematic meaning. For example, the word “fool“ can be interpreted as “a person lacking in good sense or judgment“ ,
25、 “a man employed by a king, noble to amuse others with jokes and tricks“ , or “a kind of cold light pudding“ and so on.(4 points)In semantics we know that a word may have many different meanings. But there is one important type of meaning we did not touch on at all. Suppose somebody says to you “You
26、re a fool“ , you would more often than not retort “What do you mean?“ It is not that you do not know the meaning of any word in the sentence, or the words are combined in a too complicated way for you to understand. You know perfectly well the reference of you, the sense of fool, and the structure o
27、f the sentence. What you do not know is the speakers intention in uttering this sentence, what he intends the sentence to mean. Or rather, you do know the speakers intention, but you want to use “What do you mean?“ as a denial of what he has asserted. You used your own sentence with a meaning other
28、than the conceptual. This kind of meaning is sometimes referred to as speakers meaning, utterance meaning, or contextual meaning. It differs from the kinds of meaning we studied in semantics in that its interpretation depends more on who the speaker of the sentence is, who the hearer is, when and wh
29、ere it is used. In a word, it depends more on context. The discipline which concentrates on the intended meaning of a speaker is called pragmatics. Since this kind of meaning comes partly from the use of language in a context, pragmatics may be defined as the study of language in use.(4 points)Now i
30、f we divide meaning into two major sides; the side more closely related to the more constant, inherent side of meaning(which is studied under the heading of semantics)and the side more closely related to the context, the more indeterminate side, or something extral(which is studied under the heading of pragmatics), then we can say “pragmatics = meaning - semantics. “(2 points)【试题解析】 语义学是对词义的研究，而语用学则从语言使用者的角度出发，借助于语境展开对意义的研究，是对传统语义学的发展和补充。如果我们将语言的意义分为两方面：一方面较稳定，涉及词语的固有含义(语义学的研究范围)，另一方面则较为多变，与语境相关(语用学的研究范围)。因此，语用学可以用“语用学= 含义一语义学”这个公式来表达。
