1、2012 年武汉大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、区分题1 Try to differentiate the two linguistic terms below(10 points):sense/reference二、分析题2 Analyze the following linguistic phenomenon in the following sentences, paying particular attention to the underlined parts(15 points):(1)I saw her cross the street.(2)Do you mind
2、 her smoking here?(3)He left with the job half done.(4)There are lots of things for us to do at the weekend. (5)She never liked anybody behaving that way.三、简答题3 Answer the following question(25 points):In what way or ways do you agree or disagree with Bloomfield in seeing word as the minimal free fo
3、rm?2012 年武汉大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、区分题1 【正确答案】 Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. Sense can be considered as the collection of all the features of the linguistic form, and it is abstract and de-contexturalized.(2 points)Reference means what a linguistic form refers to
4、 in the real and physical world. It deals with the relationship between the linguistic form and the non-linguistic world of experience.(2 points)The distinction between sense and reference is comparable to that between “ connotation“ and “denotation“. Firstly, the former refers to the abstract prope
5、rties of an entity, while the latter refers to the concrete entities having these properties.(2 points)Secondly, every word has a sense but not every word has a reference.(2 points)Thirdly, it is not convenient to explain the meaning of a word in terms of the thing they refer to. Therefore, we shoul
6、d study meaning in terms of sense rather than reference.(2 points)【试题解析】 本题考查“意义”和“所指”的区别。“意义”是抽象的、不依赖语境的；而“所指”是具体能在现实世界找到的，是现实经验和语言元素之间的桥梁。二者的区别有三点：一、“意义”指事物的抽象特征，而“所指”则是具备具体特征的事物；二、从二者和单词的联系上来看，每一个单词都有“意义”，但并不是每一个单词都有“所指”；三、研究的对象应该是“意义”而不是“所指”。二、分析题2 【正确答案】 In Hallidays functional grammar,subject
7、in its traditional sense,is a complex of four distinct functions;l. actor(logical subject): ideational; 2. modal subject(grammatical subject): interpersonal; 3. theme(psychological subject l);textual; 4. given(psychological subject 2): textual.(2 points)The underlined parts of the five sentences are
8、 all logical subjects of the non-predicative verbs of the sentences.(1 point)The structure of ， and is “subject + predicate verb + object + object complement“. The structure of the preposition phrase in Sentence and is“preposition + object + object complement“.(2 points)In Sentence ,the object“her“o
9、f the predicate verb“saw“serves as the logical subject of the infinitive “cross“ ,and “her“ is the actor of the action “cross“.(2 points)In Sentence ,the object “her“ of the predicate verb “mind“ serves as the logical subject of the present participle “smoking“ , and “her“ is the actor of the action
10、 “smoking“.(2 points)In Sentence ,the object “anybody“ of the predicate verb “liked“ serves as the logical subject of the present participle “behaving“ , and “anybody“ is the actor of the action “behaving“.(2 points)In Sentence ,the object “job“ of the preposition “with“ functions as the logical sub
11、ject of the past participle “done“ , and “job“ is the patient of the action “done“.(2 points)In Sentence ,the object “us“ of the preposition “for“ functions as the logical subject of the infinitive “to do“ , and “us“ is the actor of the action “do“.(2 points)【试题解析】 本题考查的语言现象为动词或介词后的宾语作逻辑主语，非谓语动词作宾语补
12、足语。逻辑主语指非谓语动词动作的执行者或承受者。它们在逻辑上存在着主谓关系或动宾关系，但不能直接作非谓语动词的主语，因此叫逻辑主语。在功能语法中，韩礼德认为主语有四个作用：1动作发出者(逻辑主语)：意念功能；2情态主语(语法主语) ：人际功能；3主题(心理主语 1)：语篇功能；4旧信息(心理主语 2)：语篇功能。以上 5 个句子中的划线部分均是非谓语动词的逻辑主语，在句中发挥意念功能。从句子结构来看，、句的结构为“主语+谓语+ 宾语+宾语补足语”，、句的介词短语结构为 “介词+ 宾语+宾语补足语”；在以上各句中，宾语作宾补的逻辑主语。从宾语与后面非谓语动词的关系来看，、 、句的宾语与非谓语动词
13、为主动关系，用现在分词和动词不定式来表示；句中的宾语与非谓语动词为被动关系，用过去分词来表示。三、简答题3 【正确答案】 Free forms or morphemes are independent units which can stand by themselves and sometimes act as complete utterances. They are opposite to the bound morphemes which have to appear together with other morphemes without any space between the
14、m.(5 points)Minimal free form means that a word is the smallest unit that can constitute,by itself,a complete utterance.(3 points)In my opinion,a word can be seen as the minimal free form, and a word itself can constitute a sentence. For example:Is Jane coming this evening?Possibly.(3 points)In the
15、exchange above,“Possibly“ is both a word and a complete utterance. Other expressions like “Hi“ , “Darling“ and “Yeah“ can function the same way.(3 points)However,there are some traditionally recognized words fail to satisfy Bloomfields definition. For example,“a“ and “the“ cannot stand by themselves
16、 in the usual sense and they appear with nouns or adjectives.(4 points)But the advocators cite the following example as an exception:What is missing in the sentence“Dog is barking“ ?A.(3 points)Therefore,other criterion to define a word should also be considered, such as stability and relative uninterruptibility.(4 points)【试题解析】 本题考查对布龙菲尔德“单词是最小的自由形式”的辩证理解。最小自由形式(语素) ：能够自己独立存在的单位，与粘着语素相反；“最小自由形式”：能够独立构成一个完整句的最小单位。有时一个单词也构成了一个完整的句子，例如：“Possibly”，“Hi”。但是有些单词除特殊情况外，不能独立构成句子。例如：“a”和“the” 除了个别情况外，并不能独立出现，它们必须和名词或形容词搭配使用。因此，要确定词的定义必须考虑到其他特点：稳定性和相对连续性。
