1、2013 年武汉大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、名词解释1 Assimilation2 Morpheme3 Embedding4 Synonymy二、简答题5 Words referring to spending and finance(such as cost, spend, invest, buy, sell)also have abstract metaphorical uses, as in; That mistake will cost you a lot. He invested a lot of time in the project. Youre only bu
2、ying trouble if you do that.Give three additional examples of the metaphorical use of words from the realm of spending and finance. Then discuss how the metaphorical uses are related to the concrete financial meanings.6 Comment on the distinction between Descriptive and Prescriptive by giving exampl
3、es.7 The discourse-based view of language teaching aims at developing discourse competence, which is similar to the well-known concept of communicative competence. What does communicative competence refer to? How do you think of its relation to language teaching and learning?2013 年武汉大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答
4、案与解析一、名词解释1 【正确答案】 Assimilation is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound, just like nasalization, dentalization and velarization.【试题解析】 (考查同化现象的定义)2 【正确答案】 Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression
5、 and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further small unit without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.【试题解析】 (考查语素的定义)3 【正确答案】 Embedding refers to the occurrence of a sentence within another sentence.【试题解析】 (考查嵌入的定义)4 【正确答案】 As one specific
6、kind of the sense relations, synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meanings of two or more words.【试题解析】 (考查同义关系的定义)二、简答题5 【正确答案】 The examples of metaphorical use of words from the realm of spending and finance are as follows; 1)We are wasting our time here. 2)I will spend my whole l
7、ife taking care of you. 3)She is extremely busy, so she has to budget her time carefully.Metaphor is more than just a speech of figure. We speak in metaphors because we think in metaphors. A conceptual metaphor consists of two conceptual domains, in which the target domain is understood in relation
8、to the source domain. In the sentences mentioned above, the metaphorical use of the verbs(waste, spend and budget)are related to the concrete financial meanings. All of the three examples are based on the same metaphor “ time is money. “ Time shares some similarities with money. For example, both of
9、 them can be considered as a limited and valuable resource to fulfill humans demands. That is why time can be wasted, spent, budgeted, invested or even squandered.【试题解析】 考查词汇的隐喻用法。隐喻不仅是一种语言修辞手段，而且是一种重要的思维方式，是形成人类概念系统的重要手段。隐喻涉及到两个概念的对比，其本质是人们以一种事物来理解和体验另一种事物。即用具体的概念来理解抽象的概念。隐喻包含目标域和源域，目标域是隐喻所描述的经验，源域
10、是人们用来描述经验的方法。在认知语言学里，隐喻的简单表达式为：“X 是 Y”，X 为目标域，Y为源域。例如本题中所提到的“He invested a lot of time in the project”一句，它就是基于“时间是金钱”这一隐喻的。时间具有与金钱相似的特征，如物质性，是人们用以实现目标的有限资源。人们将时间视作金钱，时间就成为一种可以花费、浪费、预算、投资、节约甚至可以挥霍的东西。在这个隐喻中，目标域“时间”正是通过源域“金钱”来进行识别和了解的。6 【正确答案】 Descriptive and Prescriptive are served as two different a
11、pproaches in the linguistic study. Descriptive linguistics describes how a language is actually used. In other words, it focuses on the description and analysis of linguistic facts actually observed. Prescriptive linguistics tries to lay down rules for“ correct language“. The former is about what la
12、nguage is like and the latter is about what language should be like. For example, “A double-negative is used in our society“ is a descriptive observation, while “You should never use a double-negative“is a prescriptive demand.Linguistics is defined as a scientific study of language. It is well known
13、 that language changes as the time passes by, so most contemporary linguists insist that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described. To a certain extent, even if the rules imposed on a language function quite well at present, they are not necessarily correct in a longer term.【试题解析
14、】 考查描写式和规定式的区别。描写式和规定式是研究语言学的两种方式。描写式语言学指语言学家尽力去发现和记录语言的真实面貌，而规定式语言学则指语言学家制定了一些规则并且要求语言使用者遵守。语言学被定义为对语言的科学研究，而语言时刻处于发展变化之中，因此很多现代语言学家都认为这种发展和变化应该被如实地记录下来。7 【正确答案】 Proposed by Hymes, the notion of communicative competence refers to the ability to apply grammatical, discourse and cultural knowledge to
15、 communicate effectively in particular contexts for particular purposes. There are four components in the communicative competence, namely possibility, feasibility, appropriateness and performance. Possibility refers to the ability to produce grammatical sentences. Feasibility means the ability to p
16、roduce sentences that can be decoded by human brain. Appropriateness is the ability to use correct forms of language in a specific socio-cultural context. As for performance, it refers to the fact the utterance is completed.The theory of communicative competence holds that language learning should c
17、ultivate language users ability to perform speech acts so as to facilitate their participation in speech. This is another way of saying that learning language is learning to perform certain functions. Like Hallidays functional grammar, Hymes theory also leads to notion/function-based syllabus, and a
18、 step further, communicative syllabus. A communicative syllabus aims at the learners communicative competence, and it teaches the language users needed to express and understand different kinds of functions, and emphasizes on the process of communication.【试题解析】 考查交际能力及其对语言教学的影响。交际能力指学习者在具体的语境中恰当并有效运用语言进行交际的能力。它不仅包括语法形式的正确与否，语言的可接受性，还必须考虑语言是否恰当。海姆斯将这种能力归结为四个方面，即可能性、可行性、得体性和语言应用。交际能力理论认为语言学习的目的是实施一系列语言行为从而参加到交际活动中去，它带动了以意念功能为基础的教学大纲的发展，尤其带动了交际教学大纲的发展，为外语教学提供了新思路。
