1、2013 年首都师范大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、匹配题0 Match the term with its definition.(10 points)a. an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its basesb. the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same formc. making the two phones similar by
2、“copying “a feature of a sequential phonemed. the word which is more general in meaninge. the phenomenon that the same one word may have more than one meaningf. the phenomenon that a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically representedg. the consequence of, or the change brought about
3、by the utterance1 perlocutionary act2 polysemy3 derivation4 assimilation rule5 superordinate二、名词解释6 Give a short definition to each of the following terms in English with an example.Sociolect7 conversational implicature8 endocentric construction9 phonemic contrast10 langue and parole11 open-class wo
4、rds12 utterance meaning13 critical period hypothesis14 arbitrariness of language15 learning strategies三、简答题16 Answer the following question with necessary background information and/or illustrative examples to show your understanding.(20 points)Discuss the behaviorists view of language acquisition a
5、nd the implications and limitations of this theory on second language acquisition.2013 年首都师范大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、匹配题1 【正确答案】 g【试题解析】 取效行为;ihe consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance2 【正确答案】 e【试题解析】 一词多义: the phenomenon that the same one word may have more than one meaning3 【正确答
6、案】 a【试题解析】 派生法:an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its bases4 【正确答案】 c【试题解析】 同化规则:making the two phones similar by “copying“ a feature of a sequential phoneme5 【正确答案】 d【试题解析】 上坐标词:the word which is more general in meaning二、名词解释6 【正确答案】 Socio
7、lect refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class. It is associated with separation caused by different social conditions. For example, people in the middle class might say “I did it yesterday“, but those in the lower class might say “I done it yesterday“, which has a
8、n obvious grammatical mistake.【试题解析】 (考查社会方言)7 【正确答案】 Conversational implicature refers to the meaning indirectly implied when the conversational maxims are violated blatantly and both the speaker and the hearer are aware of the violation. For example, one says “ he is made of iron“ , which violates
9、 the maxim of quality since no human is made of iron. The hearer can understand the speakers meaning that the man has a character like iron.【试题解析】 (考查会话含义)8 【正确答案】 One construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents. The typical Engl
10、ish endocentric constructions are noun phrases and adjective phrases. For example, in the noun phrase “a pretty young lady“ , the head is the noun “lady“ which performs the same function with the noun phrase. The article “a“ and the two adjectives “pretty“ and “young“ are modifiers of the noun “lady
11、“.【试题解析】 (考查向心结构)9 【正确答案】 If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, then they form phonemic contrast. For example, /e/and/ /are phonemic contrast pair in “bed“ and “bad“. Both of the sounds appear in the middle of /b/ and /d/, and “bad“ and “bed“ are d
12、ifferent in meaning due to the phonemic contrast pair.【试题解析】 (考查音位对立)10 【正确答案】 Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. For example, English language is an abstract langue while parole i
13、s the specific sentence like “How are you“ which is used in daily conversation.【试题解析】 (考查语言和言语)11 【正确答案】 Open-class words are a group of words whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, and new words can be added to it constantly. For example, nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs a
14、re open-class words.【试题解析】 (考查开放词类)12 【正确答案】 Utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication with a certain purpose. For example, when a person is carrying a large bag on his shoulder and telling his friend next to him that “my bag is v
15、ery heavy“ , the utterance meaning of the sentence is the intention of having his friend help him rather than the literal meaning of the description of the bag.【试题解析】 (考查话语意义)13 【正确答案】 The hypothesis that the time span between early childhood and puberty is the critical period for language acquisiti
16、on, during which children can acquire language successfully and effortlessly without formal instruction. For example, a child can learn a language more easily before 12 or 13 than after 15.【试题解析】 (考查关键期假说)14 【正确答案】 Arbitrariness refers to there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. F
17、or example, there is no relation between the word “apple“ , a kind of fruit, and the pronunciation / pl/.【试题解析】 (考查语言的任意性)15 【正确答案】 Learning strategies are learners conscious goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. For example, a learner evaluates what has bee
18、n learned during the acquisition of a language and adjusts his way to learn it. This is a kind of learning strategy.【试题解析】 (考查学习策略)三、简答题16 【正确答案】 Traditional behaviourists view language as behaviour and believe that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.(2 points)A ch
19、ild imitates the sounds and patterns of the people around him; people recognize the childs attempts and reinforce the attempts by responding differently, and the child repeats the right sounds or patterns to get the reward.(2 points)The child learns the language gradually in much the same way as hab
20、it-forming.(4 points)So imitation and practice are preliminary, and discrimination and generalization are keys to language development in this theory.(2 points)The behaviorist theory of child language acquisition offers a reasonable account of how children acquire some of the regular and routine asp
21、ects of the language(4 points), yet how they acquire more complex grammatical structures of the language requires a different explanation.(2 points)For example, sometimes the children can imitate words selectively and according to their own understandings of sounds or patterns based on what they hav
22、e already known.(2 points)In addition, children can also create new forms and new uses of words until they finally figure out how the forms are used by adults.(2 points)This theory can also be applied to the second language acquisition. Second language learners can learn vocabularies and acquire the
23、 knowledge of foreign language grammars by imitation, but they can not completely master the second language through the method of imitation.【试题解析】 传统的行为主义者把语言看作是一种行为，认为语言的学习只是一种模仿和习惯的养成。当儿童模仿周围人发音时，人们会给予不同的反应以强化他们的尝试。儿童为得到奖励而不断重复正确的发音。儿童学习语言的这种方式和习惯形成方式大致相同。行为主义者的语言习得理论可以合理解释儿童如何习得某些语言规则和习惯用法，但并不能解释儿童如何习得更为复杂的语言结构。例如，儿童的模仿有时是有选择性的；儿童也能创造新的形式或新用法。行为主义者的语言习得理论还可以应用到二语习得方面，第二语言学习者可以通过不断模仿来学习第二语言，但由于受到母语、环境及年龄等因素的限制，第二语言学习者并不能单纯通过模仿与刺激来掌握第二语言。
