1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 96 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 The invention of both labor-saving tools and tools of intelligence is rarely accidental. Instead, it is usually the product of huma
2、n need;【C1】_is truly the mother of invention. People usually devise tools to【C2】_for natural deficiencies. For example, people invented weapons to defend【C3】_from physically superior【C4】_. But【C5】_is only one incentive for inventions. People also invent【 C6】_tools to【C7】_certain established tasks mo
3、re efficiently. For instance, people developed the bow and arrow from the【C8】_spear or javelin in order to shoot【C9】_and strike with greater strength.【C10 】_civilizations developed, greater work efficiency came to be demanded, and【C11】_tools became more 【C12】_. A tool would【C13】_a function until it
4、proved【C14 】_in meeting human needs, at which point an improvement would be made. One impetus for invention has always been the【C15】_for speed and high-quality results provided they are achieved【C16】_reasonable costs. Stone pebbles were sufficient to account for small quantities of possessions,【C17】
5、_they were not efficient enough for performing sophisticated mathematics. However, beads arranged systematically evolved into the abacus. The【C18】_of this tool can be【C19】_to the development of commerce in the East around 3000 B.C., and the abacus is known【C20】_by the ancient Babylonians, Egyptians,
6、 Chinese, etc1 【C1 】（A）imagination（B） creativity（C） necessity（D）illusion2 【C2 】（A）substitute（B） compensate（C） account（D）qualify3 【C3 】（A）their possessions（B） their children（C） themselves（D）them4 【C4 】（A）enemies（B） neighbors（C） disasters（D）animals5 【C5 】（A）entertainment（B） luxury（C） survival（D）adapta
7、tion6 【C6 】（A）ordinary（B） common（C） particular（D）valuable7 【C7 】（A）tackle（B） perform（C） operate（D）facilitate8 【C8 】（A）deserted（B） existing（C） withering（D）outdated9 【C9 】（A）far（B） further（C） farther（D）furthest10 【C10 】（A）Since（B） If（C） Now that（D）As11 【C11 】（A）as a result（B） for one reason（C） by no m
8、eans（D）at any rate12 【C12 】（A）convenient（B） sophisticated（C） elaborate（D）comprehensive13 【C13 】（A）serve（B） act（C） play（D）commit14 【C14 】（A）inefficient（B） effective（C） adequate（D）sufficient15 【C15 】（A）access（B） promotion（C） remedy（D）quest16 【C16 】（A）with（B） in（C） for（D）at17 【C17 】（A）but（B） and（C） whi
9、le（D）thus18 【C18 】（A）origins（B） devices（C） sources（D）evidences19 【C19 】（A）trailed（B） traced（C） trapped（D）tested20 【C20 】（A）to be used（B） to have used（C） to have been used（D）to useGrammar21 Great as Newton was, many of his ideas_today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.（A）ar
10、e to challenge（B） may be challenged（C） have been challenged（D）are challenging22 Only by shouting at the top of her voice, _.（A）she was able to make herself hear（B） was she able to make herself hear（C） she was able to make herself heard（D）was she able to make herself heard23 _rich or poor, I will mar
11、ry him all the same.（A）Were he（B） Be he（C） May he be（D）No matter he is24 Neither John nor his brothers bought what_needed.（A）he（B） they（C） one（D）you25 Agriculture is the countrys chief source of wealth, wheat_by far the biggest cereal crop.（A）is（B） been（C） be（D）being26 “They said what we always knew
12、. “ said an administration source, _.（A）he asked not to be named（B） who asked not to be named（C） who asked not be named（D）who asked not named27 As a public relations officer, he is said_ some very influential people.（A）to know（B） to be knowing（C） to have been knowing（D）to have known28 If he_the stor
13、ekeepers scissors, he would have forgotten to buy a pair.（A）would not see（B） has not seen（C） had not seen（D）were not to see29 There are as good fish in the sea_ever came out of it.（A）than（B） like（C） as（D）so30 Since the matter was extremely_, we dealt with it immediately.（A）tough（B） tense（C） urgent（D
14、）instantPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)30 Hypothesis-driven research is at the heart of scientific endeavor, and it is often the positive, confirmatory data that get the most attention and guide further resea
15、rch. But many studies produce non-confirmatory dataobservations that refute current ideas and carefully constructed hypotheses. And it can be argued that these “negative data,“ far from having little value in science, are actually an integral part of scientific progress that deserve more attention.A
16、t first glance, this may seem a little nonsensical; after all, how can non-confirmatory results help science to progress when they fail to substantiate anything? But in fact, in a philosophical sense, only negative data resulting in rejection of a hypothesis represent real progress. As philosopher o
17、f science Karl Popper stated; “Every refutation should be regarded as a great success; not merely a success of the scientist who refuted the theory, but also of the scientist who created the refuted theory and who thus in the first instance suggested, if only indirectly, the refuting experiment. “On
18、 a more practical level, Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine(JNRBM)was launched on the premise that scientific progress depends not only on the accomplishments of individuals but requires teamwork and open communication of all results -positive and negative. After all, the scientific communit
19、y can only learn from negative results if the data are published.Though not every negative result will turn out to be of groundbreaking significance, it is imperative to be aware of the more balanced perspective that can result from the publication of non-confirmatory findings. The first and most ob
20、vious benefits of publishing negative results are a reduction in the duplication of effort between researchers, leading to the acceleration of scientific progress, and greater transparency and openness.More broadly, publication of negative data might also contribute to a more realistic appreciation
21、of the “messy“ nature of science. Scientific endeavors rarely result in perfect discoveries of elements of “truth“ about the world. This is largely because they are frequently based on methods with real limitations and hypotheses based on uncertain premises.It is perhaps this “messy“ aspect of scien
22、ce that contributes to a hesitation within the scientific community to publish negative data. In an ever more competitive environment, it may be that scientific journals prefer to publish studies with clear and specific conclusions. Indeed, Daniele Fanelli of the University of Edinburgh suggests tha
23、t results may be distorted by a “publish or perish“ culture in which the progress of scientific careers depends on the frequency and quality of citations. This leads to a situation in which data that support a hypothesis may be perceived in a more positive light and receive more citations than data
24、that only generate more questions and uncertainty.Despite the effects of this competitive environment, however, a willingness to publish negative data is emerging among researchers. Publications that emphasize positive findings are of course useful, but a more balanced presentation of all the data,
25、including negative or failed experiments, would also make a significant contribution to scientific progress.31 Which of the following statements is true according to the first paragraph?（A）Negative data lies at the core of scientific progress.（B） Non-confirmatory data are not receiving corresponding
26、 attention.（C） The mission of hypothesis-driven research is to reject current ideas.（D）Confirmatory data are the major stimulus to further research.32 Karl Popper is cited to illustrate_.（A）the nature of scientific progress（B） the value of non-confirmatory results（C） the importance of refutation on
27、scientistspath to success（D）the necessity of cooperation among scientists33 Publication of non-confirmatory findings may result in_.（A）researchers bias against confirmatory data（B） the waste of research resources（C） the acceleration of scientific discoveries（D）a more balanced perspective of individu
28、al efforts and teamwork34 To which of the following might Daniele Fanelli agree?（A）The frequency and quality of citations reflect the quality of a paper.（B） Positive data hinder us from understanding the messy nature of science.（C） The competitive environment makes it impossible to publish negative
29、data.（D）The present publication culture is adverse to scientific progress.35 Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（A）A New View of Hypothesis-driven Research（B） Criticism of the “Publish or Perish“ Culture（C） Respective Values of Negative Data and Positive Data（D）An Argument i
30、n Favor of Negative Data35 Sleeping GiantRight now, an eruption is brewing in Yellowstone National Park. Sometime during the next two hours, the most famous geyser. Old Faithful, will begin gurgling boiling water and steam. 41Old Faithful is not only a spectacular sight) its also a constant remainde
31、r that Yellowstone sits on one of the largest volcanoes in the world. If youve never heard of Yellowstones volcano, youre not alone. 42 Yet it has erupted three times during the last 2 million years. And one of those eruptions spewed enough volcanic ash and other debris to blanket half the United St
32、ates.Yellowstones volcano is sometimes called a “supervolcano“, or extremely large and explosive caldera volcano. 43 this supervolcano formed over a hot spot, an extremely hot area in Earths mantle. John Valley, a volcano professors, said that as the crust moves across a hot spot, the hot spot melts
33、 a section of the plate moving over it, forming “one volcano after another“.The Yellowstone hot spot melts thick continental crust, which may cause catastrophic eruptions. According to experts the eruptions that created each of the three calderas in and around Yellowstone National Park were larger t
34、han any other volcanic eruption in recorded history. The most recent eruption, which happened 640, 000 years ago, produced at least 1, 000 cubic kilometers of ash and debris, which blanketed most of the western half of the United States. 44Geological evidence shows Yellowstone has blown its stack ev
35、ery 700, 000 years or so. “If nature were truly that regular and reliable, we would be due for another eruption soon, “ said Valley. “However, these processes are subject to variability, so we dont really know when the next eruption will happen.“45 It is the volcanic energy that powers the geysers a
36、nd hot springs, creates the mountains and canyons, and generates the unique ecosystems that support Yellowstones diverse wildlife.A. Three calderas make up more than a third of Yellowstone National Park.B. The first Yellowstone eruption, 2 million years ago, released more than double that amount of
37、ash and debris.C. The volcano is so inconspicuous (不显眼的) that few people know it exists.D. Then, an enormous fountain will shoot high into the air.E. While the active geologist processes at Yellowstone do pose some risk to the public, they also make it a unique treasure.F. Yellowstone National Park
38、attracts the interest of geologists the world over.40 We may do something with the best of intentions, and sometimes even accomplish the good toward which we aim. Yet, at the same time, we are all too often surprised by results that didnt occur to us beforehand. The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 started out
39、 with the best of intentions. But now it is under increasing scrutiny by swelling ranks of critics. The primary concern is that its original intent to infuse the American marketplace with the fruits of academic innovation has distorted the fundamental mission of universities.In the past, discovery f
40、or its own sake provided academic motivation, but todays universities function more like corporate research laboratories. Rather than freely sharing techniques and results, researchers increasingly keep new findings under wraps to maintain a competitive edge. What used to be peer-reviewed is now pro
41、prietary. “Share and share alike“ has degenerated into “every laboratory for itself. “Bayh-Dole tore down the taboos that existed against universities engaging in overtly commercial activity. Universities really thought that they were going to make it rich,“ said Jennifer Wasrhburn, author of “Unive
42、rsity Inc. : The Corporate Corruption of Higher Education“. “Each school was convinced that if they came up with that one blockbuster invention, they could solve all their financial problems. “Ms. Washburn says that was “extremely wrong-headed. “ Initially reacting to the law by slapping patents on
43、every possible innovation, universities quickly discovered that patents were an expensive proposition. The fees and legal costs involved in obtaining a single patent can run upward of $ 15,000, and that doesnt count the salaries of administrative staff members. Instead of bringing home the bacon, un
44、iversity tech transfer offices were throwing money into the void with little hope of returns.To date, Ms. Washburn says, data gathered by the Association of University Technology Managers show that fewer than half of the 300 research universities actively seeking patents have managed to break even f
45、rom technology transfer efforts. Instead, two-thirds of the revenue tracked by the association has gone to only 13 institutions.Part of the problem has been a lingering misunderstanding about where the value lies in innovation. Patenting a new basic science technique, or platform technology, puts it
46、 out of the reach of graduate students who might have made tremendous progress using it. Similarly, exclusive licensing of a discovery to a single company thwarts that innovations use in any number of other fields.The issue is further clouded by “reach through“ licenses, complex arrangements used by
47、 many tech transfer offices. A reach-through lets the patent holder claim a share of any profits that result from using, say, an enabling technology, even if those profits come several steps down the market transfer line.Perhaps the most troublesome aspect of campus commercialization is that researc
48、h decisions are now being based on possible profits, not on the inherent value of knowledge. “Blue sky“ research the kind of basic experimentation that leads to a greater understanding of how the world works has largely been set aside in favor of projects considered to have more immediate market pot
49、ential. In academias continuing pursuit of profit, the wonder of simple serendipitous discovery has been left on the curb. 510 words41 The Bayh-Dole Act_.（A）aims to change the missions of universities（B） aims to enhance academic motivation in universities（C） has hindered the sharing in academic world（D）has stimulated scientific discovery42 According to Ms. Washburn, for most unive
