1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 127 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Anonymity is not something which was invented with the Internet. Anonymity and pseudonymity has occurred throughout history. For e
2、xample, William Shakespeare is probably a pseudonym, and the real name of this 【C1】_ author is not known and will probably never be known.Anonymity has been used for many purposes. A well-known person may use a pseudonym to write messages, where the person does not want people s【C2】_of the real auth
3、or【C3 】_their perception of the message. Also other people may want to【C4】_certain information about themselves in order to achieve a more 【C5】 _ evaluation of their messages. A case in point is that in history it has been【C6】_that women used male pseudonyms, and for Jews to use pseudonyms in societ
4、ies where their 【C7】_ was persecuted. Anonymity is often used to protect the 【C8 】_ of people, for example when reporting results of a scientific study, when describing individual cases.Many countries even have laws which protect anonymity in certain circumstances. For instance, a person may, in man
5、y countries, consult a priest, doctor or lawyer and【C9】_personal information which is protected. In some【C10】_, for example confession in catholic churches, the confession booth is specially【C11】_to allow people to consult a priest,【C12】_seeing him face to face.The anonymity in【C13】_situations is ho
6、wever not always 100%. If a person tells a lawyer that he plans a【C14】_crime, some countries allow or even【C15】_that the lawyer tell the【C16】_. The decision to do so is not easy, since people who tell a priest or a psychologist that they plan a crime, may often do this to【C17 】 _their feeling more t
7、han their real intention.Many countries have laws protecting the anonymity of tip-offs to newspapers. It is regarded as【 C18】_that people can give tips to newspapers about abuse, even though they are dependent【 C19】_the organization they are criticizing and do not dare reveal their real name. Advert
8、isement in personal sections in newspapers are also always signed by a pseudonym for【C20】_reasons.1 【C1 】（A）strange（B） ordinary（C） ridiculous（D）famous2 【C2 】（A）preconception（B） worship（C） admiration（D）discrimination3 【C3 】（A）color（B） destroy（C） distinguish（D）prefer4 【C4 】（A）show（B） conceal（C） cancel
9、（D）distain5 【C5 】（A）funny（B） unbiased（C） fresh（D）straight6 【C6 】（A）surprising（B） common（C） acknowledged（D）unbelievable7 【C7 】（A）religion（B） belief（C） idea（D）synagogue8 【C8 】（A）possession（B） honor（C） privacy（D）reputation9 【C9 】（A）require（B） disperse（C） reveal（D）get10 【C10 】（A）countries（B） files（C） re
10、gions（D）cases11 【C11 】（A）cleaned（B） put（C） designed（D）automated12 【C12 】（A）before（B） after（C） with（D）without13 【C13 】（A）confessional（B） church（C） other（D）private14 【C14 】（A）casual（B） serious（C） medium（D）temporary15 【C15 】（A）beg（B） plead（C） appeal（D）require16 【C16 】（A）police（B） confessor（C） boss（D）pr
11、iest17 【C17 】（A）keep（B） leak（C） intensify（D）express18 【C18 】（A）insulting（B） important（C） forgivable（D）proud19 【C19 】（A）of（B） among（C） on（D）within20 【C20 】（A）unknown（B） striking（C） obvious（D）intimatePart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B
12、, C or D. (40 points)20 Ever since Muzak started serenading patrons of hotels and restaurants in the 1930s, piped-in music has been part of the consumer experience. Without the throb of a synthesiser or a guitars twang, shoppers would sense something missing as they tried on jeans or filled up troll
13、eys. Specialists like Mood Media, which bought Muzak in 2011, devise audio programmes to influence the feel of shops and cater to customers tastes. The idea is to entertain, and thereby prolong the time shoppers spend in stores, says Claude Nahon, the firms international chief. Music by famous artis
14、ts works better than the generic stuff that people associate with Muzak. The embarrassing brand name was dropped in 2013.Online shopping is an under-explored area of merchandising musicology. A new study commissioned by eBay, a shopping website, aims to correct that. Some 1,900 participants were ask
15、ed to simulate online shopping while listening to different sounds. Some results were unsurprising. The noise of roadworks and crying babies soured shoppers views of the products on offer. Chirruping birds encouraged sales of barbecues but not blenders or board games.Sounds associated with quality a
16、nd luxury seemed to be hazardous for shoppers wallets. The study found classical music and restaurant buzz caused them to overestimate the quality of goods on offer and to pay more than they should. That backs up earlier research which found that shoppers exposed to classical music in a wine store b
17、ought more expensive bottles than those hearing pop.EBay wants consumers to avoid such unhealthy influences when shopping online. It has blended birdsong, dreamy music and the sound of a rolling trainthought to be pleasant but not overly seductiveto help them buy more sensibly. Retailers could presu
18、mably counter by turning up the Chopin. “Classical music does seem to be the way to go“ if your only interest is the narrow one of squeezing as much money as possible from your clientele, says the studys author, Patrick Fagan, a lecturer at Goldsmiths, part of the University of London.Few traditiona
19、l shops are likely to use that tactic. H so, presumably, the tendency to be happy or miserable is, to some extent, passed on through DNA. To try to establish just what that extent is, a group of scientists examined over 1, 000 pairs of twins from a huge study on the health of American adolescents. T
20、hey conclude that about a third of the variation in people s happiness is heritable.But while twin studies are useful for establishing the extent to which a characteristic is heritable, they do not finger the particular genes at work. One of the researchers, Jan-Emmanuel De Neve, of University Colle
21、ge, London, and the London School of Economics, has tried to do just that, by picking a popular suspectthe gene that encodes the serotonin-transporter protein, and examining how variants of that gene affect levels of happiness.Serotonin is involved in mood regulation. Serotonin transporters are cruc
22、ial to this job. The serotonin-transporter gene comes in two functional variantslong and short People have two versions(known as alleles). The adolescents in Dr. De Neve s study were asked to grade themselves from very satisfied to very dissatisfied. Dr. De Neve found that those with one long allele
23、 were 8% more likely than those with none to describe themselves as very satisfied; those with two long alleles were 17% more likely.Which is interesting. Where the story could become controversial is when the ethnic origins of the volunteers are taken into account. All were Americans, but they were
24、 asked to classify themselves by race as well. On average, the Asian Americans in the sample had 0.69 long genes, the black Americans had 1.47 and the white Americans had 1.12.There is growing interest in the study of happiness, not just among geneticists but also among economists and policymakers d
25、issatisfied with current ways of measuring humanitys achievements. Future work in this field will be read avidly in those circles. 26 What is implied in “Age has a role, too“ in Paragraph 1?（A）The middle-aged are happier than the old.（B） The middle-aged are happier than the young.（C） The middle-aged
26、 are happier than the young and the old.（D）The young and the old are happier than the middle-aged.27 By examining over 1,000 pairs of twins, scientists intend to confirm the extent of that_.（A）external circumstances govern happiness（B） personality determines happiness（C） genes identify happiness（D）a
27、ge affects happiness28 Which of the following is the twin studies finding?（A）The tendency to be happy or miserable is passed on through DNA.（B） The happiness of about 330 pairs of twins is heritable.（C） They establish the extent to which a personality is decisive.（D）They hardly find the serotonin-tr
28、ansporter gene probably functioned.29 It can be inferred from the passage that_.（A）some have two short alleles, and others have two long ones（B） different races may have different propensities for happiness（C） the notion that human personality is a blank slate is strengthened（D）those with two short
29、alleles were more likely than those with one long allele30 In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably focus on_.（A）policymakers studies on happiness（B） every continents levels of happiness（C） another factor that governs happiness（D）humanitys achievement and happ
30、iness30 Women are moody. By evolutionary design, we are hard-wired to be sensitive to our environments, empathic to our children s needs and intuitive of our partners intentions. This is basic to our survival and that of our offspring. Some research suggests that women are often better at articulati
31、ng their feelings than men because as the female brain develops, more capacity is reserved for language, memory, hearing and observing emotions in others.These are observations rooted in biology, not intended to mesh with any kind of pro- or anti-feminist ideology. But they do have social implicatio
32、ns. Womens emotionality is a sign of health, not disease; it is a source of power. But we are under constant pressure to restrain our emotional lives. We have been taught to apologize for our tears, to suppress our anger and to fear being called hysterical.The pharmaceutical industry plays on that f
33、ear, targeting women in a barrage of advertising on daytime talk shows and in magazines. More Americans are on psychiatric medications than ever before, and in my experience they are staying on them far longer than was ever intended. Sales of antidepressants and antianxiety meds have been booming in
34、 the past two decades, and theyve recently been outpaced by an antipsychotic, Ability, that is the No. 1 seller among all drugs in the United States, not just psychiatric ones.At least one in four women in America now takes a psychiatric medication, compared with one in seven men. Women are nearly t
35、wice as likely to receive a diagnosis of depression or anxiety disorder than men are. For many women, these drugs greatly improve their lives. But for others they arent necessary. The increase in prescriptions for psychiatric medications, often by doctors in other specialties, is creating a new norm
36、al, encouraging more women to seek chemical assistance. Whether a woman needs these drugs should be a medical decision, not a response to peer pressure and consumerism.Obviously, there are situations where psychiatric medications are called for. The problem is too many genuinely ill people remain un
37、treated, mostly because of socioeconomic factors. People who dont really need these drugs are trying to medicate a normal reaction to an unnatural set of stressors: lives without nearly enough sleep, sunshine, nutrients, movement and eye contact, which is crucial to us as social primates.31 Women ar
38、e often better at expressing their feelings than men in that women_.（A）are born to be sensitive to environments（B） have more brain s capacity for expressing functions（C） have the basic skills to survive（D）are more sensitive to language32 The phrase “mesh with“(Para. 2)probably means_.（A）account for（
39、B） agree with（C） cater for（D）deal with33 Which of the following is NOT true according to Paragraph 3?（A）The pharmaceutical industry takes advantage ofwomens fear.（B） Nowadays, more Americans are drinking psychiatric medications.（C） Sales of antidepressants meds have showed the declining trend in the
40、 past two decades.（D）Ability is the best-selling drug in the United States.34 According to the passage, what makes more women seek chemical assistance?（A）Doctors in other fields prescribe more and more psychiatric medications.（B） More and more Americans are taking psychiatric medications.（C） This dr
41、ugs greatly improve women s lives.（D）Women are affected by peer pressure and consumerism.35 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_.（A）psychiatric medications are not important（B） many really ill people are not anxious to buy psychiatric medications（C） many people need psychiatric medicatio
42、ns for excitement（D）human beings need some outdoor and social activities35 Robots have been the stuff of science fiction for so long that it is surprisingly hard to see them as the stuff of management fact. It is time for management thinkers to catch up with science-fiction writers. Robots have been
43、 doing menial jobs on production lines since the 1960s. The world already has more than 1 million industrial robots. There is now an acceleration in the rates at which they are becoming both cleverer and cheaper: an explosive combination.Robots are learning to interact with the world around them. Th
44、eir ability to see things is getting ever closer to that of humans, as is their capacity to ingest information and act on it. Tomorrow s robots will increasingly take on delicate, complex tasks. And instead of being imprisoned in cages to stop them colliding with people and machines, they will be fr
45、ee to wander.Until now executives have largely ignored robots, regarding them as an engineering rather than a management problem. This cannot go on: robots are becoming too powerful and ubiquitous. Companies certainly need to rethink their human-resources policiesstarting by questioning whether they
46、 should have departments devoted to purely human resources.The first issue is how to manage the robots themselves. An American writer, Isaac Asimov laid down the basic rule in 1942: no robot should harm a human. This rule has been reinforced by recent technological improvements: robots are now much
47、more sensitive to their surroundings and can be instructed to avoid hitting people.A second question is how to manage the homo side of homo-robo relations. Workers have always worried that new technologies will take away their livelihoods, ever since the original Luddites fears about mechanised loom
48、s. Now, the arrival of increasingly humanoid automatons in workplaces, in an era of high unemployment, is bound to provoke a reaction.Two principlesdont let robots hurt or frighten peopleare relatively simple. Robot scientists are tackling more complicated problems as robots become more sophisticate
49、d. They are keen to avoid hierarchies among rescue-robots(because the loss of the leader would render the rest redundant). They are keen to avoid duplication between robots and their human handlers. This suggests that the world could be on the verge of a great management revolution: making robots behave like humans rather than the 20th centurys preferred option, making humans behave like robots.36 The second sentence implies
