1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 20 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 Much has been made of the 400th anniversary this year of Galileo pointing a telescope at the moon and jotting down what he saw. But 2009 is also the 400th
2、anniversary of the publication by Johannes Kepler, a German mathematician and astronomer, of “Astronomia Nova“.【F1 】This was a book that contained an account of his discovery of how the planets move around the sun, correcting Copernicuss own more famous but incorrectly formulated description of the
3、solar system. And it established the laws for planetary motion on which Isaac Newton based his work.Four centuries ago the received wisdom was that of Aristotle, who asserted that the Earth was the centre of the universe, and that it was encircled by the spheres of the moon, the sun, the planets and
4、 the stars beyond them. Copernicus had noticed inconsistencies in this theory and had placed the sun at the centre, with the Earth and the other planets travelling around the sun.【F2】Some six decades later when Kepler tackled the motion of Mars, he proposed a number of geometric models, checking his
5、 results against the position of the planet as recorded by his boss. Kepler repeatedly found that his model failed to predict the correct position of the planet. He altered it and, in so doing, created first egg-shaped “orbits“ and, finally, an ellipse(椭圆)with the sun placed at one focus.【F3 】Kepler
6、 went on to show that an elliptical orbit is sufficient to explain the movement of the other planets and to devise the laws of planetary motion that Newton built on.A.E.L. Davis this week told astronomers and historians that it was the rotation of the sun that provided Kepler with what he thought wa
7、s one of the causes of the planetary motion that his laws described, although his reasoning would today be considered entirely wrong.【F4】In 1609 astronomy and astrology were seen as intimately related; mathematics and natural philosophy, meanwhile, were quite separate areas of endeavor, however, Kep
8、ler sought physical mechanisms to explain his mathematical result. He wanted to know how it could be that the planets orbited the sun.【F5 】Once he learned that the sun rotated, he comforted himself with the thought that the suns rays must somehow sweep the planets around it while some magnetism acco
9、unted for the exact elliptical path. As todays astronomers struggle to determine whether they can learn from the past, Keplers tale provides a salutary reminder that only some explanations stand the test of time.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 The middle classes have always been the defense wall of
10、society.【F1】Aristotle believed they were democracys secret weaponthe protectors of social values, the moderators of political extremism, and believers in a society run by laws instead of by strongmen. They have also been the engines of economic growth, setting the stage centuries ago for the expansi
11、on of capitalism and global trade, and continuing through the ages to snap up every new gadget in sight.【F2】Now, with the Western middle classes sinking into debt and distress, many economists look to a new emerging-market middle class as the potential foundation for a new age of global safety and p
12、rosperity. As large developing nations became more prosperous, it was always assumed that they would become more like the suburbs of Washington or London-liberal, democratic, market-friendly bastions not only of Western-style consumerism but also of political liberty. With time and wealth, “they“ wo
13、uld become just like “us.“The truth is that “they“ are not becoming just like “us.“【F3 】The global middle class is rising faster than expected, in numbers and in wealth, but converging incomes are not yielding shared values. The e-merging bourgeoisie is a patchwork of contradictions: clamorous but r
14、arely confrontational politically, supporters of globalization yet highly nationalistic, proud of their nations upward mobility yet insecure and fearful they will fall back, fiercely individualistic but reliant on government subsidies, and often socially conservative. Many of the aspiring elite seem
15、 willing to let the powers that bewhether authoritarian governments or elected onescall the shots as long as they deliver the spoils of growth.Its also worth remembering that the new middle classes are psychologically driven by an odd mix of pride and insecurity.【F4】Close to 30 percent of Brazils ne
16、w middle class owes its livelihood to the informal market, where income is irregular, safety nets are nonexistent, and opportunity for en-trepreneurship is limited. Many have borrowed their way to higher living standards, one reason perhaps that 53 percent say they live in fear of unemployment, loss
17、 of income, or even bankruptcy. They have benefited from the explosion of private schools but have seen the overall quality of education plummet, eroding one of the classic middle-class paths to social mobility.【F5】Indeed, some development economists argue that the poor will be a greater force for s
18、ocial change, but their ability to become a force for better government, greater freedoms, less corruption, and more economic liberty is much less certain. “They“ have a very long way to go before becoming “us.“6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 Lee Kuan Yew(李光耀 )embodies a uniquely Asian approach to
19、 governance that has often been at odds with the Western democratic principles.【F1 】For decades, he has spoken in favor of “Asian values“, a political philosophy that might be loosely summed up as respect for authority and order, while putting the good of society above that of the individual. His cr
20、iticisms have focused on the excesses of democracy, particularly freedom of speech, and the impact they have on the search for economic growth.【F2】In the past, Lee has not been shy about singling out those nations in which an excess of democracys messiness has tempered steady economic progress and t
21、he betterment of the life chances of ordinary folk. But the strength of his argument does not rest only on other nations failures. For as any visitor can attest, the scale of what Lee and his colleagues have achieved by applying his principles is simply astonishing.It is an almost miraculous achieve
22、ment, and one in which Lee and his colleagues take justifiable pride. It is, moreover, something that has been much admired, to the point of imitation, around the region.【F3】Asian leaders like Malaysias Prime Minister Mahathir and Indonesias President Suharto may rarely have chosen to admit it, but
23、their “economy first“ strategy owes much to the intelligence of this Cambridge-educated lawyer. Above all Chinas leaders have for three decades come to Singapore to listen, to learn, and to admire.Yet for all Singapores success, there remains a feeling that it has come at a price. Lees methods have
24、found plenty of critics at home and abroad.【F4】Ordinary Singaporeans when questioned about politics of Lee and his family, without quite knowing it, they often instinctively lower their voices and glance over their shoulders. “People are still too frightened to talk about the taboo subjects,“ wrote
25、Catherine Lim. There are few voices prepared to speak out in favor of wider democratic debate.【F5】For his part, Lee Kuan Yew acknowledges that there is a need to make Singaporeans less dependent on the government and to encourage more open debate. He insists that the ruling Party can absorb and bene
26、fit from dissenting voices. But he is determined that Singaporeans are not yet ready for the vociferous free market of ideas that typifies, for example, politics in the U.S. “I see the marketplace of ideas, as in the Philippines, and I see chaos,“ he says, while adding: “Gradually, we will loosen up
27、.“11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 Like other forms of life on this planet, human beings confront a basic task: to deal satisfactorily with their conflicts and thereby secure the advantages of community and cooperation.【 F1】Unlike other forms of life, human beings are endowed with a capacity to
28、 reflect on this task and to search for better solutions by conscious thought and deliberate choices.The task of overcoming conflicts and achieving community and cooperation arises because human beings are unable and unwilling to live in complete isolation.【F2】The advantages of cooperation and commu
29、nity life are so numerous and so obvious that they must have been evident to man from earliest times. By now, our ancestors have closed off the choice; for most of us the option of total isolation from a community is, realistically speaking, no longer open.【F3】Nonetheless, however strongly human bei
30、ngs are driven to seek the company of one another, and despite thousands of years practice they have never discovered a way in which they can live together without conflict. Conflict exists when one individual wishes to follow a line of action that would make it difficult or impossible for someone e
31、lse to pursue his own desires. Conflict seems to be an inescapable aspect of the community and consequently of human being. Why conflict seems inescapable is a question that has troubled many people: philosophers, theologians, historians, social scientists, and doubtless a great many ordinary people
32、. James Madison held that conflict was built into the very nature of men and women. Human beings have diverse abilities, he wrote in The Federalist, and these in turn produce diverse interests.【F4】“As long as man has irrational ideas, and he is at liberty to exercise it,“ Madison wrote, “different o
33、pinions will be formed.“Whatever the explanation for conflict may be, and Madisons is but one of many, its experience is one of the prime facts of all community of life. Yet if this were the only fact, then human life would fit the description by the English political philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, in
34、his Leviathan(1651). Hobbes describes mankind in a state of naturea condition without governmenthaving little in the way of agriculture, industry, trade, knowledge, arts, letters or society.【F5 】“And which is worst of all,“ he concluded in a famous sentence, to exist without government would mean “c
35、ontinual fear, and danger of violent death and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty and short.“16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】20 Environmentalists claim the moral high ground: their interests are in preserving our precious planet, protecting defenseless animals, ensuring our children have clea
36、n water to drink and air to breathe. Yet environmentalists policies have been a much more mixed bag in terms of their actual consequences.【F1】Indisputably, many regulations and initiatives have reduced pollution and improved air and water quality, to the benefit of everyone, but other environmental
37、efforts have backfired, some with truly disastrous consequences.Consider whats happened with DDT(a chemical used to kill insects that harm crops). The pesticide came into use during World War II and helped eliminate malaria. However in 1962, an environmentalist wrote that the chemical was causing ca
38、ncer and destroying wildlife. In 1972, DDT was banned in the U. S. and ultimately worldwide. As a result of the ban, malaria remained a plague in many poor countries.【F2 】So during the decades in which DDT was not used, when the world bowed to undoubtedly well-intentioned environmental activists, ab
39、out 50 million peopleoverwhelmingly African childrendied, mostly unnecessarily.Ethanol provides another example. For years, biofuels were heralded as the promising alternative to fossil fuels, yet it turns out biofuels environmental impact is much more complicated. In 2008, Time magazine wrote about
40、 ethanols dubious environmental benefits.【F3】The article warned that forests, wetlands, and grasslands were being sacrificed in a rush to farm crops that could be turned into gasoline, so the once environmentally favored solution to our energy problems is now recognized as a potential environmental
41、catastrophe. Its worth noting that, beyond biofuels environmental effects, using food for fuel has a significant impact on the worldwide food supply.Prominent environmentalists promise that they are confident that man is causing the Earth to warm, and they dont want to contemplate alternative theori
42、es about how the sun might be responsible for warming, that the warming isnt unprecedented and therefore could be naturally occurring.【F4】They dont want to consider the costs of policies that they want to oppose in the name of combating global warming, or just how ineffectual those policies might be
43、. Yet the public should consider what a significant decline in worldwide wealth will mean, particularly for those who are already poor.【F5】Those who question global warming alarmists claims and policy prescriptions have been compared to massacre deniers, yet what are we to call environmentalists who
44、se policies have resulted in the deaths of millions and could aggravate poverty and hunger? The movie title Not Evil, Just Wrong may be too charitable.21 【F1】22 【F2】23 【F3】24 【F4】25 【F5】考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 20 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segment
45、s into Chinese. (10 points) 【知识模块】 翻译1 【正确答案】 这部著作论述了他发现的行星围绕太阳运行的规律，从而修正了哥白尼给太阳系作的错误描述，尽管哥白尼的论述更加广为人知。【知识模块】 翻译2 【正确答案】 大约 60 年后，开普勒为研究火星运行轨迹假设了大量的几何模型，但是根据这些模型预测出的结果和他上司记录的火星位置不一致。【知识模块】 翻译3 【正确答案】 接着，开普勒又证明椭圆轨道模型同样适用于解释其他行星的运行轨迹，并且依此模型足以归纳出行星运行定律而这些定律日后成为了牛顿的理论基础。【知识模块】 翻译4 【正确答案】 1609 年，天文学和星象学被
46、视为联系紧密的两个学科，而数学和物理学则是完全独立的两个研究领域，但开普勒却试图以物理机制来验证数学结果。【知识模块】 翻译5 【正确答案】 当他得知太阳存在自转现象时，他就自欺欺人地认为太阳的光线无论如何一定会照射到周围的行星，而某种磁力使得这些行星沿着规则的椭圆轨道运行。【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译6 【正确答案】 亚里士多德认为中产阶级是民主政治的秘密武器他们保护社会价值，调和政治极端主义，并且相信社会是由法律而非一两个强权者主导。【知识模块】 翻译7 【正确答案】 现在，西方许多中产阶级深陷债务和苦恼之中，因此，很多经济学家都在指望新兴市场上的中产阶级，将他们看做是全球安全繁荣
47、新时代下的潜在基石。【知识模块】 翻译8 【正确答案】 全球中产阶级兴起的速度，不论是从数量上看还是从财富上看，都要比想象中快得多。然而，聚集在中产阶级身上的那些财富并没有相应带来统一的价值观。【知识模块】 翻译9 【正确答案】 巴西有将近 30的新兴中产阶级还靠着非正式市场谋生，那里收入不稳定，没有安全网络，创业机会也十分有限。【知识模块】 翻译10 【正确答案】 的确，有些发展经济学家争论说，贫困阶级将是社会变革更大的推动力，但是他们是否能推动建立一个更好的政府、实现更大程度的自由、减少腐败滋生、最终达到经济自由，这就未可知了。【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译11 【正确答案】 几十年
48、来，他始终提倡“亚洲价值观” ，这一政治哲学思想大致可概括为尊重权力和秩序，同时强调社会利益高于个人利益。【知识模块】 翻译12 【正确答案】 过去，李光耀总是毫不顾忌地指出哪些国家因民主造成了过度混乱的局面，因此阻碍了经济的稳步发展以及老百姓生活的改善。【知识模块】 翻译13 【正确答案】 一些亚洲国家领导人，如马来西亚总理马哈蒂尔、印度尼西亚总统苏哈托可能不愿承认这一点，但他们推行的“以经济建设为中心” 的策略很大程度上都是受到这位剑桥毕业的律师的启发。【知识模块】 翻译14 【正确答案】 普通的新加坡公民一旦被问及李光耀的执政情况和他的家庭时，通常不自觉地压低了声音，回头张望，尽管他们知
49、道的并不多。【知识模块】 翻译15 【正确答案】 在李光耀看来，减少公民对政府的依赖，鼓励更多的公开言论是有必要的。【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译16 【正确答案】 不同于其他生物的是，面对这一难题，人类生来就能认真思考，慎重选择，寻找更好的解决办法。【知识模块】 翻译17 【正确答案】 人类在远古时期一定已经明白，合作和社群生活有诸多明显的优势。【知识模块】 翻译18 【正确答案】 然而，尽管人类强烈需要结伴生活，也经历了几千年的磨合，但人类还是没有找到能和睦共处的方法。【知识模块】 翻译19 【正确答案】 “ 只要人类一直存在不理性的想法，并能随意付诸实施，” 麦迪逊写道，“意见分歧就会形成。”【知识模块】 翻译20 【正确答案】 “ 最糟糕的是， ”他以一句名言做了总结，无政府的人类存在就意味着“持续的恐慌、暴毙的危险，以及孤独、穷困、肮脏而短暂的人生” 。【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译21 【正确答案】 毋庸置疑，许多政策和主动措施降低了污染，提高了空气和水的质量，人人都能得益，然而，其他环保措施却事与愿违，有些简直造成了灾难性的后果。【知识模块】 翻译22 【正确答案】 因此，在 DDT 被禁用的几十年里，虽然这些环保人士得到了全世界首肯，而且他们倡导的举措无疑也都
