1、英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 10 及答案与解析一、简答题1 In what way do we say English is an inflectional language?（厦门大学 2006 研)2 Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects.（大连外国语学院 2008 研)3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Immediate Constituent Analysis(IC Analysis
2、)(北京交通大学 2006 研)4 Illustrate “Immediate Constituent Analysis“.（大连外国语学院 2008 研)4 For each of the following pairs of sentences, discuss how the two sentences are different from each other.（南京大学 2006 研)5 A.His carelessness I cant bear.B. I cant bear his carelessness.6 A.A dagger killed the tourist.B. T
3、he tourist was killed with a dagger.7 A.A hurricane killed eight people.B. Eight people died in a hurricane.8 Describe with tree diagrams the transformations involved in forming the question “Does John like the book?“（南开大学 2007 研)9 What, in your view, makes a text a text, rather than a series of unc
4、onnected utterances? What are the implications of your answer for second language teaching?(北外 2006 研)9 The English sentences given below are ungrammatical. You are required to give the syntactic explanation to the ungrammaticality in each of the sentences.（南开大学 2011研)10 * Jack put his ball.11 * I w
5、onder Michael walked the dog.12 * Frank thinks himself is a superstar.13 What are the similarities and differences between a phrase and a clause?（中山大学2011 研)14 Explain the seven types of meaning and use examples to illustrate your ideas.（人大2007 研；南开大学 2004 研)15 Discuss sense, denotation and referenc
6、e, using Chinese examples to illustrate your points.(北外 2008 研)16 Words are in different sense relations with each other. What sense relation is illustrated in each of the pairs of words below? Add one more example to each pair.(北航2008 研)(a)casual - informal(b)intelligent - stupid(c)steal - steel(d)
7、animal - dog17 For each of the following pairs of words, state the principal reason why they may not be considered to be synonyms:（浙江大学 2005 研)a. man boy b. toilet loo c. determined stubbornd. pavement sidewalk e. slim skinny f. move run18 Put the following words in a hierarchical order(you can use
8、a tree diagram if need be)and try to define at least two of them:(北师大 2003 研)crocodile, mammal, reptile, rabbit, primate, animal18 Study the following exchange and then answer the questions that follow.(南京大学2006 研)“Take some more tea. “ the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.Ive had nothing ye
9、t, Alice replied in an offended tone, “so I cant take more. “19 Why was Alice offended?20 What is the problem with the March Hares remark? What is the linguistic issue involved here?21 Consider the following statements. When do we say Statement A entails Statement B? When do we say Statement A presu
10、pposes Statement B? Does Statement A necessarily entail Statement C? Why? Do Statements A and D both presuppose Statement B? Why?(南京大学 2008 研)A. Jacks brother has gone bankrupt.B. Jack has a brother.C. Jacks sibling has gone bankrupt.D. Jacks brother has not gone bankrupt.22 In each of the following
11、 sentences, the second part cancels some information given by the first part. However, this seems to result in quite acceptable utterances in group(l)and in very awkward utterances in group(2). Explain why.(北外 2002 研)Group(1)a老张有三个小孩子，其实还不止三个。b我只喜欢黄色和蓝色，不过试试红色也未尝不可。c约翰的普通话说得还可以，确切地说是非常棒。Group(2)d我特后
12、悔选修了这门课，其实我没有选修这门课。e她这次考试又不及格，不过她上次及格了。f我在乡下日子过得很苦，说真的我没在乡下呆过。英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 10 答案与解析一、简答题1 【正确答案】 The inflectional language is a term as opposed to the isolated language, in which the morpheme has no inflected form; such as in Chinese, there are only isolated characters, which can not be added t
13、o with an inflectional affix. English is regarded as an inflectional language in the sense that the inflectional affixer serves important grammatical function in the English vocabulary. In English, inflectional affixes indicating tense, numbers, case and so on usually manifestate the grammatical rel
14、ationships between the elements of the sentences.2 【正确答案】 New words or expressions are created through the following processes excepted compound and derivation, which are called lexical change proper.(1)InitialismSome new words are composed of the first letters of a series of words and pronounced by
15、 saying each letter in them. Words of this kind such as VIP, WTO are called initialisms.(2)AbbreviationMany English words have come into being through abbreviation. This phenomenon is also called clipping; a new can be created by:i. cutting the final part, for example, ad for advertisement.ii. cutti
16、ng the initial part, for example, plane for aeroplane.iii. cutting both the initial and final parts accordingly, for instance, fridge for refrigerator.(3)Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining together the initial part of the first word and th
17、e final part of the second word, or by only joining the initial parts of the two words, for example, emotion + iconemoticon; car + hijackingcarjacking.(4)Acronym is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has heavily modified headword; an example is EU for European Union
18、. This process is also widely used in shortening extremely long words of word groups in science, technology and other special fields, for example, SARS is short for “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome“. Whats more, people also use this process in internet chatting or e-mail communication, such as BTW
19、 for “by the way“ , ASAP for “as soon as possible“.【试题解析】 (本题考查特有的词汇变化。作答时任选四个进行描述，并举例说明。)3 【正确答案】 Through IC analysis, the internal structure of a sentence may be demonstrated clearly, and if there is any ambiguity, it could be revealed. For example, how the sentence “ Leave the book on the shelf“
20、is ambiguous could be shown after the IC analysis.However, there are also problems in IC analysis. First, at the beginning, some advocators insisted on binary divisions, that is, any construction, at any level, will be cut into two parts. But this is not always possible. For example, in the phrase “
21、men and women“ , it is not appropriate to combine “and“ with only the preceding part or only the succeeding part. Second, constructions with discontinuous constituents will pose technical problems for tree diagrams in IC a-nalysis. For example, in “make it up“ the phrasal verb “make up“ is separated
22、 by a pronoun. Third, which is also the most serious problem, there are structural ambiguities which cannot be revealed by IC analysis, as shown in “the love of God“. In IC analysis, the different relations of “God“ to the word “love“ cannot be shown, which makes the expression ambiguous.4 【正确答案】 Th
23、e relation between a sentence and its component elements is generally referred to as the relation between a construction and its constituents, in which a very important notion is immediate constituent analysis, IC Analysis for short.The immediate constituent analysis may be defined as: the analysis
24、of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituentsword groups(or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.The immediate constituent analysis of a sentence may be carried out with brackets
25、or with a tree diagram. The criterion for the immediate constituent analysis is substitutability: whether a sequence of words can be substituted for a single word and the structure remains the same. Through IC analysis, the internal structure of a sentence may be demonstrated clearly, and ambiguitie
26、s , if any, will be revealed.For example; the IC structure for the sentence “The boy ate the apple. “ is:1)Tree diagram2)Bracketing(The)(boy)(ate)(the)(apple)【试题解析】 (本题考查直接成分分析法。作答时给出定义、作用及其表现方法树形图和括号，并分别举例说明。)5 【正确答案】 These two sentences are different in the sense that the thematic structures are d
27、ifferent. The theme of a sentence is often the known information, which the sentence is mainly about. Sentence A provides some information about “ his carelessness“ , since “ his carelessness“ serves as the theme. Whereas, Sentence B is a statement about “I“ , and from the remainder of the sentence
28、the recipient could know some information about me.6 【正确答案】 In sentence A, “A dagger“ serves as the theme, with which the sentence could be seen as an answer of “What did the dagger do?“ In sentence B, “The tourist“ is treated as the given information, around which the sentence develops; thus, the c
29、orresponding question of this sentence as an answer could be “What happened to the tourist?“7 【正确答案】 There are still differences of thematic structures between these two sentences, with the first one about “A hurricane“ and the second one about “eight people“. Whats more, in sentence A, the verb “ k
30、ill“ emphasizes a direct relationship between the hurricane and the eight people, that is, it is the hurricane that caused the people to die. Whereas, in sentence B, a meaning like above is not entailed.8 【正确答案】 9 【正确答案】 The factor to distinguish connected texts which make sense from those which do
31、not is usually described as coherence. Coherence is traditionally described as the relationships that link the ideas in a text to create meaning for the readers, apart from cohesive devices. It should be noticed that cohesion by itself would not be sufficient to enable us to make sense of what read
32、or hear; it is quite easy to create a highly cohesive text which has a lot of connections between the sentences, but which remains difficult to interpret. And coherence, as the invisible net of a text, performs a function of “connectedness“ which makes the text interpretable to people.Regarding the
33、importance of coherence to a whole text, it seems necessary for a teacher of SFL to help students develop coherence in writing. Research has found that in their writing, ESL/EFL students focus almost exclusively on the word and sentence levels rather than the level of the whole discourse, that is, t
34、extual coherence. A pedagogical focus on coherence can shift students attention from sentence-level grammar to discourse features such as textual structuring and propositional unity, which are crucial to creating meaning in texts. Indeed, helping students improve the coherence of their writing ought
35、 to be a significant aspect of L2 writing instruction.To help students focus on coherence in writing, it is essential that teachers have a thorough understanding of what makes a text coherent. As is shown in the composition text books, it seems common to regard coherence simply as connectedness betw
36、een sentences, use of explicit cohesive devices at the paragraph level, and use of connective devices such as pronouns, repetitive structures, and transitional markers. However, coherence should not be narrowed in terms of sentence-level connectedness and paragraph unity rather than discourse unity.
37、 Thus, to help students create coherence in their writing, it is necessary for teachers to pay more attention in the broader sense of coherence.10 【正确答案】 * Jack put his ball. Because of the word “put“ , the sentence lacks a complement, which should be a PP. Therefore, it should be “Jack put his ball
38、 under the chair. “11 【正确答案】 (2)* I wonder Michael walked the dog. The sentence is ungrammatical, for what follows the word “wonder“ should be a clause. The correct form is “I wonder if Michael walked the dog. “12 【正确答案】 * Frank thinks himself is a superstar. In English, the pattern of the word “ th
39、ink“ is that think pluses a clause or a complement. So the correct form should be “ Frank thinks himself as a superstar. “ or “Frank thinks he is a superstar. “13 【正确答案】 Phrase and clause are both grammatical units contained in the set of layers in the grammar of a language, as following: morpheme,
40、word, phrase, clause, clause complex. They are attached to the sentences. For example, the tallest girl(nominal phrase), Having finished their task, they came to help us.(clause)Phrase is a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical
41、 of clauses. Traditionally, it is seen as part of a structural hierarchy , positioned between clause and word. While clause is a constituent with its own subject and predicate, and it is included in a larger sentence. First, a phrase must be a group of words which form a constituent. Second, a phras
42、e is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than clauses. More precisely, simple clauses may(and usually do)contain phrases, but simple phrases do not(in general)contain clauses.【试题解析】 （考查短语与从句的异同，要分别分析其定义并举例。)14 【正确答案】 The seven types of meaning were first postulated by G. Leech. They are respectively
43、illustrated as follows:(1)Conceptual meaning, which refers to logical, cognitive, or denotative content. This type of meaning is “denotative“ in that it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to.(2)Connotative meaning, what is communicated by virtue of
44、what language refers to. It refers to some additional, especially emotive, meaning.(3)Social meaning, referring to what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use.(4)Affective meaning, which refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.(5)Reflec
45、ted meaning, which refers to what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression.(6)Collocative meaning, what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word. The five types of meanings from(2)to(6)are collectively
46、known as associative meaning in the sense that an elementary associationist theory of mental connections is enough to explain their use.(7)Thematic meaning, what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis. It is more peripheral since it is only determ
47、ined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive.15 【正确答案】 Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic expression. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of
48、meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. For example, the word “$U“ in Chinese is given the definition of “哺乳动物，种类很多，听觉嗅觉都很敏锐，善于看守门户，有的可以训练成军犬、警犬“. This does not refer to any particular dog that exists in the real world, but applies to any animal that meets the features described in the defin
49、ition. So this is the sense of the word dog.Reference means what a linguistic expression refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. If we say “这只狗真可爱 “ , we must be talking about a certain dog existing in the situation; the word “狗“ here refers to a dog known to both the speaker and the hearer. This is the reference of the word “狗“ in this particular situation.Denotation refers to the relationship between an expression and its extension. The term extension of an exp
