1、英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 13 及答案与解析一、简答题1 In English, the phoneme/p/is pronounced differently in words such as pat, spat, or tap. Can you form a rule that can generalize this linguistic phenomenon?（南开大学 2010 研)2 What are the criteria used in phonetic description of vowels?（厦门大学 2010 研)2 Complete the words w
2、ith suitable negative prefixes.(四川大学 2007 研)3 rational4 moral5 regular6 political7 effective8 human9 relevant10 legal11 proportionate12 resistible13 (a)List the bound morphemes to be found in the following words; misleads, shortened, unhappier, fearlessly(b)In which of the following examples should
3、the a be treated as a bound morpheme: a boy, apple, atypical, AWOL（上海交大 2005 研)14 In English, the suffix “-able“ as in “X + able“ means “able to be X-ed.(1)Use an example to illustrate this rule.(2)What kind of words can function as “X“?In words like “unthinkable ,“ the suffix-able means more than “
4、 able to be X-ed. “ Think of TWO more words of this type.（南京大学 2007 研)15 What can this rule mean in English grammar? D(-id)/(t)(北师大 2004 研)16 What are phonologically conditioned and morphologically conditioned form of morphemes?17 Analyze the morphemic structure of the English words gentlemanliness
5、and unlockable, using a labeled tree diagram to illustrate the morphemic structure of the word under analysis.（1)gentlemanliness(2)unlockable18 Distinguish between the two possible meanings of more beautiful flowers by means of IC analysis.(北二外 2006 研；北二外 2008 研)19 What are the advantages of using t
6、ree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures?(西安交大 2008 研)19 Please rephrase the following sentences, to disambiguate them.20 Tom and Mary saw the mountains while they were flying over.21 Old men and women are hard to live with.22 They said she would go yesterday.23 The governor is a dirty st
7、reet fighter.24 We deplore the shooting of the hunters.英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 13 答案与解析一、简答题1 【正确答案】 In English, there is a rule that /p/ is unaspirated after /s/ but aspirated in other places. So /p/ in pat, tap is aspirated but unaspirated in spat since it is after /s/. To bring out the phonetic differe
8、nce, an aspirated sound is transcribed with a raised “h“ after the symbol of the sound. So a phonetic transcription for peak is phi: k and that for speak is spi: k. So p, ph are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /p/. Such variants of a phoneme are called al-lophones of the same ph
9、oneme. The allophones are said to be in complementary distribution because they never occur in the same context: p occurs after s while ph occurs in other places. We can present this rule as: /p/p/s_ p h elsewhere(note: _is the position in which /p/ appears) In addition sometimes a phoneme may also
10、have free variants. The final consonant of tap may not be realized by some speakers so there is no audible sound at the end of this word. Such phenomenon is called free variation.2 【正确答案】 As the vowels can not be described in the same way as the consonants, a system of cardinal vowels has been sugge
11、sted to get out of this problem. The cardinal vowels are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages. The cardinal vowels are abstract concept. The cardinal vowel diagram i
12、s a set of hypothetical positions for vowels used as reference points.The description of English vowels needs to fulfill four basic requirements:(1)the height of tongue raising(high, middle or low);(2)the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central , back);the length or tenseness of th
13、e vowel(tense vs. lax or long vs. short);liprounding(rounded vs. unrounded). For example, i: : high, front, tense, unrounded vowel. u : high, back, lax, rounded vowel.3 【正确答案】 rational; irrational4 【正确答案】 moral; immoral5 【正确答案】 regular; irregular6 【正确答案】 political; apolitical7 【正确答案】 effective; inef
14、fective8 【正确答案】 human; inhuman9 【正确答案】 relevant; irrelevant10 【正确答案】 legal; illegal11 【正确答案】 proportionate; disproportionate12 【正确答案】 resistible; irresistible13 【正确答案】 (a)misleads; mis-, -s shortened; -en, -edunhappier; un-, -er fearlessly; -less, -ly(b)Among these examples, the “a“ in “atypical“ sh
15、ould be treated as a bound morpheme.14 【正确答案】 (1)applicable, which means “able to be applied“.(2)The words that can function as “X“ are probably verbs.unbelievable, undefeatable.15 【正确答案】 This rule reveals two points; first, it shows one possible allomorph of the morpheme D , and this allomorph has
16、the phone(-id)as its element; second, it shows the according phonetic environment in which that allomorph can occur, that is, it will be pronounced as(-id)when it appears after the phone(t). In this rule, the arrow means the realization, and the bar indicates the environment of the target element.16
17、 【正确答案】 Some phonological factors can affect the appearance of morphemes, namely, the form of a morpheme ; and there could be assimilation, and dissmilation. For example, the negative morpheme could be realized as “in-“ or “im-“ followed by different phonological environments, as in “inefficient“ an
18、d “imperfect“ , as a result of assimilation.Morphemes can also be conditioned by morphological factors; for example, the allomorphs of the plural morpheme, as could be seen in “oxen“ , “cows“ , and “feet“.17 【正确答案】 18 【正确答案】 (a)(more beautiful)flowers)(b)(more(beautiful flowers)19 【正确答案】 The tree di
19、agram can not only reveal a linear order, but also a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents. It can, in addition, show the syntactic category of each structural constituent, thus it is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic
20、 elements.【试题解析】 （本题考查用树形图分析句子结构的好处。)20 【正确答案】 While Tom and Mary were flying over, they saw the mountains.21 【正确答案】 It is hard to live with old men and old women.22 【正确答案】 They said yesterday that she would go.23 【正确答案】 The governor is a fighter against dirty streets.24 【正确答案】 We deplore the hunters shooting.
