1、英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 18 及答案与解析一、填空题1 Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and_ of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is this feature of language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness. (大连外国语学院 2008 研)2 In Saussures view,
2、 the relationship between signifier(sound image) and signified (concept) is _(北二外 2005 研)3 Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the_it is associated with. (人大 2007 研)4 The features that define our human l
3、anguages can be called_features. (北二外2006 研)5 Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as _.(北二外 2007 研)6 By_is meant the property of having two levels of structures,
4、 such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. (北二外 2005 研)7 Halliday proposes a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has_, interpersonal and textual functions. (中山大学 2008 研)8
5、Our language can be used to talk about itself. This is the_function of language. (中山大学 2005 研)9 _function is realized by mood and modality. (中山大学 2006 研)10 When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is_
6、function. (北二外 2000研)11 Some sentences do not describe things. They cannot be said to be true or false. The utterance of these sentences is or is a part of the doing of an action. They are called_. (大连外国语学院 2008 研)12 When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact
7、rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is_function. (北二外 2005研)13 Linguistics is usually defined as the_study of language. (北二外 2003 研)14 The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called_. (北二外 2003 研)15 The branch of grammar which studies the int
8、ernal structure of words is called_. (北二外 2004 研)16 _mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外 2005 研)17 Semantics and_investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007 研)18 In linguistics, _refe
9、rs to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学 2008 研)19 _can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between langua
10、ge and society.20 The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called_. (北二外 2008 研)21 Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological_of linguistic structures. (中山大学 2006 研)22 Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker
11、and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as _and _. The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大 2006 研)23 _grammars atte
12、mpt to tell what is in the language, while_grammars tell people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described. (人大 2006 研)24 One of the important distinctions in linguistics is _ and performance. (人大2006 研)25 An
13、 approach in linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used is_. (北二外 2008 研)26 Chomsky initiated the distinction between_and performances. (北二外 2007 研)27 When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather tha
14、n exchanging information or ideas, its function is_function. (北二外 2010研)28 The idea of_was first developed by Roman Jacobson (1896 - 1982) in the 1940s as a means of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds. (中山大学 2011 年研)29 Theory t
15、hat primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the_theory.30 Modern linguistic is_in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.31 The description of a language as it changes throug
16、h time is a_study.32 Linguistic potential is similar to Saussures langue and Chomskys_.33 One of the important distinctions in linguistics is _ and parole. The former is the French word for “language“, which is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking, listening, writing and reading. The latter
17、 is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors.二、判断题34 It is conclusive that Chinese is regarded as the primeval language. (清华 2000 研)（A）真（B）假35 Wherever humans exist, language exists. (对外经贸 2006 研
18、)（A）真（B）假36 According to Saussure, the relation between the signified and the signifier is arbitrary. (大连外 国语学院 2008 研)（A）真（B）假37 The features that define our human languages can be called DESIGN FEATURES. (大连外 国语学院 2008 研)（A）真（B）假38 Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language. (清华
19、2000 研)（A）真（B）假39 The bow-wow theory is a theory on the origin of language. (大连外国语学院 2008研)（A）真（B）假40 When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informative function. (清华 2001 研)（A）真（B）假41 Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.（A）真（B）假42 Duality is on
20、e of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.（A）真（B）假43 Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language.（A）真（B）
21、假三、单项选择题44 Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院 2008 研)（A）Arbitrariness（B） Convention（C） Duality45 Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交通大学 2008 研)（A）tree（B） crash（C） typewriter（D）bang46 By_we mean language is resourceful because of its dua
22、lity and recursiveness. (西安外国语学院 2006 研)（A）arbitrariness（B） duality（C） creativity（D）displacement47 When language is used to get information from others, it serves an_function. (北二外 2003 研)（A）informative（B） directive（C） interrogative48 The functions of language do NOT include_. (大连外国语学院 2008 研)（A）inf
23、ormative function（B） interpersonal function（C） metacognitive function49 The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with _. (大连外国语学院 2008 研)（A）articulatory phonetics（B） acoustic phonetics（C） auditory phonetics50 Which of the following is a main branch of li
24、nguistics? (大连外国语学院 2008 研)（A）Macrolinguistics（B） Psycholinguistics（C） Sociolinguistics51 Saussure is closely connected with_. (大连外国语学院 2008 研)（A）Langue（B） Competence（C） Etic52 Saussure took a (n)_ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a _point of view. (西安交通大学 2008 研)（A）sociologica
25、l. psychological（B） psychological. . . sociological（C） applied. pragmatic（D）semantic . linguistic53 According to F. de Saussure, _refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. (西安交通大学 2008 研)（A）parole（B） performance（C） langue（D）Language54 _refers to the sy
26、stem of a language, i. e. the arrangement of sounds and words which speakers of a language have a shared knowledge of. (西安交通大学 2006 研)（A）Langue（B） Competence（C） Communicative competence（D）Linguistic potential55 The actual production and comprehension of the speech by speakers of a language is called
27、 _. (北二外 2010 研)（A）grammar rules（B） competence（C） performance（D）language device56 The study of language at one point in time is a_study. (北二外 2010 研)（A）historical（B） synchronic（C） descriptive（D）diachronic57 Which of the following statements is true of Jacobsons framework of language functions?（A）The
28、 referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake.（B） The emotive function is to convey message and information.（C） The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings.（D）The phatic function is to establish communion with others.58 “An refer to Confucius even though he
29、 was dead 2,000 years ago.“ This shows that language has the design feature of_.（A）arbitrariness（B） creativity（C） duality（D）displacement59 The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree Centigrade“ is_.（A）interrogative（B） directive（C） informative（D）performative四、简答题60 What is the directive
30、function? (西安交大 2008 研)61 How well, in your opinion, does the word “communication“ represent the function of human language? (北二外 2008 研)62 Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind of relationships hold between the two. (北外 2002 研)63 What makes language unique to
31、 human beings? (北航 2010 研)64 What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics? (西安交通大学2008 研)65 Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? (南开大学 2004 研)66 Why do we say li
32、nguistics is a science? (北外 2011 研)67 One of the design features of human language is creativity. What is it? And what makes it possible?68 Explain the characteristic of arbitrariness. What are the relationships between arbitrariness langue and parole vs. competence and performance. (北京交通大学 2007 研)8
33、0 What are the three metafunctions of Systemic Functional Grammar? Illustrate each of them with specific examples. (武汉大学 2011 年研)81 How do you compare the traffic light system with a human linguistic system?英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 18 答案与解析一、填空题1 【正确答案】 Conventionality【试题解析】 语言学习过程中学习者必须识记一些固定搭配或约定俗成的习语谚语等
34、，因此使得语言学习比较费力。2 【正确答案】 Arbitrary【试题解析】 索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。3 【正确答案】 Meaning【试题解析】 索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。4 【正确答案】 Design【试题解析】 人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。5 【正确答案】 Displacement【试题解析】 移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点。6 【正确答案】 duality【试题解析】 双重
35、性是指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。7 【正确答案】 ideational【试题解析】 韩理德将儿童的语言功能范围逐渐缩小，简化成为一套高度符号化和抽象化的功能：概念、人际、语篇功能。8 【正确答案】 metalingual【试题解析】 语言的元语言功能是指语言可以用来讨论语言本身。9 【正确答案】 Interpersonal【试题解析】 人际功能通过语气情态实现。10 【正确答案】 Interpersonal【试题解析】 人际功能是语言最重要的社会功能，人们由此建立和维持他们的身份和社会地位。11 【正确答案】 Performative【试题解
36、析】 施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。12 【正确答案】 phatic【试题解析】 寒暄功能是指那些有助于确立和维持人际关系的表达，例如俚语、玩笑、行话、礼节性的问候、社会方言或地域方言的转用等。13 【正确答案】 scientific【试题解析】 语言学通常被定义为研究科学的语言，或对语言的科学研究。14 【正确答案】 Phonology【试题解析】 音系学研究支配语音分布和排列的规则以及音节的形式。15 【正确答案】 Morphology【试题解析】 形态学研究词语的内部结构组织。16 【正确答案】 Phonetics【试题解析】 语音学研究语音，以及语音
37、的描写和分类。17 【正确答案】 pragmatics【试题解析】 语义学研究词作为词的意义，语用学是在语境中研究意义。18 【正确答案】 Syntax【试题解析】 句法学研究形成正确句子的规则。19 【正确答案】 Pragmatics【试题解析】 语用学是在语境中研究意义。20 【正确答案】 Syntax【试题解析】 句法学研究语言中组合成句子的支配规则，或简单地说，研究句子的构造。21 【正确答案】 Reality【试题解析】 心理语言学研究语言与意识之间的联系，实质就是心理活动与语言结构之间的关系。22 【正确答案】 langue：parole【试题解析】 语言指一个语言集团的所有成员共
38、享的抽象语言系统，言语是指语言在实际使用中的实现。23 【正确答案】 descriptive; prescriptive【试题解析】 描述性语言记录语言共同体的成员所遵循的规则，规定式的语言学目的在于为正确使用语言定下各种规则。24 【正确答案】 Competence【试题解析】 语言能力指理想的语言使用者关于语言规则的语言知识，语言应用指语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实际使用。25 【正确答案】 Prescriptive【试题解析】 规定式的语言学目的在于为正确使用语言定下各种规则。26 【正确答案】 Competence【试题解析】 乔姆斯基提出了语言能力和语言应用的根本区别。27 【正确答
39、案】 interpersonal【试题解析】 语言的人际功能是指人们由此建立和维持他们的身份和社会地位。28 【正确答案】 distinctive features【试题解析】 区别性特征第一次由 Roman Jacobson 提出。29 【正确答案】 yo 一 heho【试题解析】 语言的起源有“汪汪”理论，“噗噗”理论和“哟嘿吼”理论。“哟嘿吼”理论语言起源于原始人共同劳动时发出的有节奏的哼哟声。30 【正确答案】 Descriptive【试题解析】 把语言说成描述性的科学是说语言学家试图发现和记录一语言共同体的成员所遵循的规则，并不是强加给他们其他规则或正确的标准。31 【正确答案】 D
40、iachronic linguistic【试题解析】 历时语言学集中研究几十年或几百年的时期内两个或比两个更多的语言状况的差异。32 【正确答案】 Competence【试题解析】 索绪尔的语言与乔姆斯基的语言能力相似，因为二者都指抽象的语言知识，不是实际使用中的语言。33 【正确答案】 langue【试题解析】 索绪尔用语言和言语来区分说话者的语言能力和言语上(表达的)的实际表现或语料。二、判断题34 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 汉语是经过长期发展而来的高级语言而不是一种原始语言。35 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 语言是在人类出现相当一段时间之后才出现的。36 【正确答案】 A【试题解析
41、】 索绪尔认为语言符号的形式与意义没有天然联系，两者之间的联系是任意的。37 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 能定义人类语言的特点就是语言的基本特征。38 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 拟声词表明语言并不是完全任意的，一些拟声词的发音与其意义还是有一定联系的。39 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 语言的起源包括“汪汪”，“噗噗”等理论。40 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 语言是用来陈述某件事情，提供信息或用作推理，信息功能是语言最重要的功能，一般出现在陈述句中。41 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 历史语言学相当于历时研究。42 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 二重性是人类语言的一个基本特征，因为语言
42、有两层结构：声音系统和意义系统。43 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 描写式和规定式的语言学是分析语言的两种不同的方法，不能简单的说谁好谁坏之说。三、单项选择题44 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 语言的区别性特征主要是指任意性，双重性，创造性和移位性。45 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 crash 是一个缩略语，typewriter 是复合词， bang 是拟声词，所以只有 tree 的形成比较任意。46 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 创造性指语言的能产性，它能够使人造出和理解无穷的长句，其中很多句子是以前从未听过的。47 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 语言用来陈述某件事情，提供信息或用作推理。
43、信息功能是语言最重要的功能，一般出现在陈述句中。48 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 语言的主要功能包括信息功能，人际功能，施为功能，感情功能，寒暄功能，元语言功能和娱乐功能。49 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 声学语音学研究语音的物质特征。50 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 语言学主要分为宏观语言学和微观语言学，宏观语言学又包括社会语言学，心理语言学和人类语言学。51 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 索绪尔提出了言语与语言，乔姆斯基提出了语言能力与语言应用。52 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 索绪尔的语言指语言社团中的语言，所以是从社会的角度研究语言。乔姆斯基是从使用者本身掌握的语言知识研究语言
44、，是从心理角度研究语言。53 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 索绪尔的语言指语言社团中的语言，所以是从社会的角度研究语言。乔姆斯基是从使用者本身掌握的语言知识研究语言，是从心理角度研究语言。54 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 语言指一个言语社团所有成员共享的抽象语言系统。55 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 语言应用指在语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实际使用。56 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 在某一时间点上对语言的描写是一种共时研究。57 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 所指功能是指用语言来传达信息，情感功能是表达一种态度，感受；意动功能是通过命令和恳求说服影响他人。58 【正确答案】 D【试题解析
45、】 移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点。59 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 语言的信息功能是指语言用来陈述某件事情，提供信息或用作推理。四、简答题60 【正确答案】 Directive function is one of functions of language. Language is used to get the hearer to do something. Most imperative sentences are of this function. For example, the sentence “Close your
46、book and listen to me carefully!“ performs a directive function. Other syntactic structures or sentences of other sorts can, according to J. Austin and J. Searles “Indirect speech act theory“ at least, serve the purpose of direction too, e. g. , “ If I were you, I would have blushed to the bottom of
47、 my ears!“61 【正确答案】 We use language for an almost infinite number of purposes, from writing letters to gossiping with our friends, making speeches and talking to ourselves in the mirror. But the primary function of language is to transmit information and to convey commands, feelings and emotions. Th
48、at is, language is a tool of communication. The term “communication“ can be used to cover much of the function of language. This function can be further divided into more specific functions, such as phatic function/communion, directive function, informative function, interrogative function, expressi
49、ve function, evocative function, performative function etc.62 【正确答案】 By definition, phonetics is the study of speech sounds, including the production of speech, while phonology is the study of the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with spee
