1、英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 19 及答案与解析一、填空题1 The sound /p/can be described with “_, bilabial, stop“. (北二外 2007 研)2 The sound /b/can be described with “_, bilabial, stop“. (北二外 2004 研)3 Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel. And as a result are most conveniently described in terms of_and manner of
2、 articulation. (北二外 2004 研)4 _are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. (中山大学 2006研)5 The present system of the _derives mainly from one developed in the 1920s by the British phonetician, Da
3、niel Jones (18811967) , and his colleagues at University of London. (中山大学 2008 研 )6 Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel, and as a result are most conveniently described in terms of place and_of articulation. (北二外 2008 研)7 The sound /k/ can be described with “voiceless, _ , stop“. (北二
4、外 2003 研)8 _transcription should transcribe all the possible speech sounds, including the minute shades. (北二外 2004 研)9 _refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound. (中山大学 2005 研)10 Stress refers to the degree of_used in producing a syllable. (中山大学 2006 研)11 The
5、syllable structure in Chinese is_or_or_. (清华 2000 研)12 The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are_. (北二外 2009 研)13 In English, the two words cut and gut differ only in their initial sounds and the two so
6、unds are two different_and the two words are a_pair. (北二外 2010 研)14 Phonetic similarity means that the_of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance. (中山大学 2011 年研).15 In English there are a number of_, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.
7、16 According to_, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.17 In phonological analysis the words fail - veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes/f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating_.二、判断题18 In the sound writin
8、g system, the reference of the grapheme is the phoneme. (清华2001 研)（A）真（B）假19 A phoneme in one language or one dialect may be an allophone in another language or dialect. (清华 2001 研)（A）真（B）假20 The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are definitely allophones of the same phoneme. (北二
9、外 2010 研)（A）真（B）假21 Broad Transcription is intended to symbolize all the possible speech sounds, including the minute shades. (北二外 2003 研)（A）真（B）假22 The initial sound of “peak“ is aspirated while the second sound of “speak“ is unaspirated. They are in free variation. (北二外 2005 研)（A）真（B）假23 Phonetic
10、similarity means that the allophones of a phoneme must bear some morphological resemblance. (大连外国语学院 2008 研)（A）真（B）假24 The last sound of “top“ can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution. (北二外 2007 研)
11、（A）真（B）假25 The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communications are all phonemes. (对外经贸 2006 研)（A）真（B）假26 A syllable can be divided into two parts, the NUCLEUS and the CODA.(大连外国语学院 2008 研)（A）真（B）假27 All syllables contain three parts; onset, nucleus and coda. (北二外 2003 研)（A）真（B）假28
12、 In English, we can have the syllable structure of CCCVCCCC. (清华 2001 研)（A）真（B）假29 The last sound of “sit“ can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution. (北二外 2009 研)（A）真（B）假30 The assimilation rule ass
13、imilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.（A）真（B）假31 The airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modifications to acquire the quality of a speech sound.（A）真（B）假32 Two sounds are in free variation when they occur
14、in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.（A）真（B）假33 p is voiced bilabial stop.（A）真（B）假34 Sound p in the word “spit“ is an unaspirated stop.（A）真（B）假三、单项选择题35 Of the three cavities
15、. _is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speech sounds. (北二外 2004 研)（A）nasal cavity（B） pharynx cavity（C） oral cavity36 Of the consonants /p/ , /t/, /k/, /f/, /m/, /z/ and /g/, which has the features of voiceless and velar? (对外经贸 2005 研)（A）/k/（B） /p/（C） /g/（D）/t/37 The consonant
16、 /s/ in the word “smile“ can be described as: (对外经贸 2006 研)（A）voiceless oral alveolar fricative（B） voiceless nasal bilabial liquid（C） voiced oral alveolar plosive（D）voiced oral bilabial fricative38 The vowel_is a low back vowel. (西安外国语学院 2006 研)（A）/i: /（B） /u/（C） /e/（D）/a: /39 Which of the following
17、 is true of an allophone? (对外经贸 2005 研)（A）A phone can be the allophone of all English vowel phonemes.（B） There are no restrictions on the distribution of an allophone.（C） There is no possibility of an allophone becoming a phoneme.（D）An allophone changes the meaning of the word.40 Which of the follow
18、ing is not a minimal pair? (对外经贸 2006 研)（A）/li: f/fi: l/（B） /sip/zip/（C） /sai/sei/（D）/keit/feit/41 A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language is a_. (北二外 2003 研)（A）allophone（B） phone（C） phoneme42 Which of the following CANNOT be consider
19、ed as minimal pair? (大连外国语学院2008 研)（A）/ai/-（B） /p/-/b/（C） /s/- /43 Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest, and explain the reason in ONE sentence. (南京大学 2007 研)（A）resolution（B） resident（C） restart（D）resignation44 _is one of the suprasegmental features.（A）Voicing（B） St
20、op（C） Deletion（D）Tone45 Classification of English speech sounds in terms of manner of articulation involves the following EXCEPT（A）fricatives（B） lateral（C） affricates（D）bilabial46 An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are_of the p phoneme.（A）analogues（B） tagmemes（C） morphemes（D）alloph
21、ones47 Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?（A）Acoustic phonetics（B） Articulatory phonetics.（C） Auditory phonetics（D）Neither of them.48 Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?（A）f（B） v（C） z（D）w49 Which one is different from the other
22、s according to places of articulation?（A）n（B） m（C） b（D）p50 What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?（A）Voiceless（B） Voiced（C） Glottal stop（D）Consonant51 The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in _and vocabulary.（A）usage（B） grammar
23、（C） pronunciation（D）structure52 Which of the following is the correct description of v ?（A）voiceless labiodental fricative（B） voiced labiodental fricative（C） voiceless labiodental stop（D）voiced labiodental stop四、简答题53 For the following words, state the conditions under which the different forms of t
24、he past tense appear. What determines whether /t/, /d/, or /id/ is used? What distinctive features define conditioning environment? (南开大学 2004 研)1. crushed 2. heaped 3. kicked 4. pitted5. deeded 6. bagged 7. killed 8. nabbed9. thrived 10. breathed 11. turned 12. hissed13. plowed 14. climbed 15. sing
25、ed 16. hanged17. cinched 18. played 19. hated 20. branded54 How are the vowels described usually? (北二外 2009 研)55 Why do we say language is primarily vocal? (厦门大学 2009 研)56 What are the criteria used in phonetic description of vowels? (厦门大学 2010 研)57 In English, the phoneme /p/ is pronounced differen
26、tly in pat, spat, and tap, can you form a rule that can generalize this linguistic phenomenon? (南开大学 2010 研)58 What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation? (南开大学 2004 研)59 Phoneme is the smallest meaningful unit of sound and morpheme is the smallest m
27、eaningful unit in grammar. (中山大学 2011 年研)60 In the African language Manika, the affix, the meaning of which is similar to that of the suffixing in English, has two phonetic forms, as shown in the data given below. You are required to (1) give the two phonetic forms of the affix;(2) give the underlyi
28、ng form of the affix;(3)write a formal phonological rule to derive the underlying form of the affix to its phonetic forms, using the words dumuni “eating“ and sungoli “sleeping“ to illustrate the process of derivation(南开大学 2011 年研)bugo hit bugoli hittingdila repair dilali repairingdon come donni com
29、ingdumu eat dumuni eatinggwen chase gwenni chasingda lie down dali lying downfamu know famuni knowingmen hear menni hearingsungo sleep sungoli sleeping“61 What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?62 What is free variation?63
30、What are vowels glide about? What differentiates pure or monophthong vowel from vowel glides?64 What is assimilation? Is it similar to coarticulation? What dose it include?五、名词解释65 Assimilation (南开大学 2010 研；武汉大学 2008 研；上海交大 2005 研)66 Distinctive features of speech sounds (中山大学 2008 研；北师大 2003 研；北交大2
31、005 研，浙江大学 2007 研)67 Syllable (四川大学 2006 研)68 Cardinal vowel (四川大学 2006 研；大连外国语学院 2008 研)69 Voiceless (西安交大 2008 研)70 Minimal pairs (武汉大学 2005 研；浙江大学 2004 研；四川大学 2007 研；上海交大 2006 研；北航 2008 研；北二外 2006 研)71 Coarticulation (武汉大学 2008 研；四川大学 2006 研；南开大学 2007 研)72 Broad and narrow transcription (中山大学 200
32、6 研 )73 Complementary distribution (武汉大学 2008 研；南开大学 2007 研)74 acoustic phonetics(南开大学 2011 研)75 SPEAKING(中山大学 2011 年研)六、举例说明题76 Is English a language that uses a phonetic alphabet system? Explain briefly why or why not with examples. (北外 2004 研)77 What are the differences between voiced sounds and
33、voiceless sounds in terms of articulation? (南开大学 2004 研)78 What are phonemes, phones and allophones? Explain their relationship with examples from English or Chinese. (北外 2005 研)79 What are suprasegmental features? (西安外国语学院 2006 研)英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 19 答案与解析一、填空题1 【正确答案】 voiceless【试题解析】 p 是双唇音，爆破音，清音
34、。2 【正确答案】 voiced【试题解析】 b 是双唇音，爆破音，浊音。3 【正确答案】 place【试题解析】 辅音根据发音方式和发音部位进行分类。4 【正确答案】 Consonants【试题解析】 发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞而产生的音叫做辅音。5 【正确答案】 cardinal vowels【试题解析】 基本元音是指一系列约定俗成、固定不变的元音特质，目的是为语言中实际存在的元音描述提供一个参照框架。6 【正确答案】 manner7 【正确答案】 velar【试题解析】 k 是清音，软腭音，爆破音。8 【正确答案】 Narrow【试题解
35、析】 当我们用复杂的符号精确地标记语音所有可能的细小变化时，我们称之为“严式转写”。9 【正确答案】 Assimilation【试题解析】 同化指一个音具有了邻近音的一部分或者全部特征的这一过程，包括鼻化、齿化、鄂化。10 【正确答案】 force【试题解析】 重音指在音节发音时所用的力度。11 【正确答案】 CVC ， CV，V【试题解析】 普通话的音节中节首位置最多有一个辅音，结尾只能是鼻音n， ，所以汉语的音节可以写为(C)V(C) 。12 【正确答案】 Allophones【试题解析】 同一个音位在不同语音环境中的实现方式被称为该音位的音位变体。因为变体是互补分布的，而且发音相似。13
36、 【正确答案】 phonemes；minimal【试题解析】 k 、 g在 cut 和 gut 是两个不同的音位，这两个词，除了出现在同一位置上的一个音外，其余的音都一样，因此这两个词就构成了一个最小的对立体。14 【正确答案】 allophones【试题解析】 语音相似性指的是承担一些语音的相似的音位变体。15 【正确答案】 Diphthongs【试题解析】 如果在发音时通过舌头的一次运动，由第一个单元音滑向第二个单元音，这样产生的音的组合就叫做双元音。16 【正确答案】 The maximal onset principle【试题解析】 当一个辅音既可放在节首也可放在节尾时，根据最大节首原
37、则应将其放在节首。17 【正确答案】 Minimal pairs【试题解析】 如果有两个词，它们除了出现在同一位置上的一个音外，其余的音都一样，那么这两个词就构成了一个最小的对立体，所以 fail 一 veil 是最小对立体。二、判断题18 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 字形是根据音位的表达写出来的。19 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 同一个音位在不同语音环境中的实现方式被称为该音位的音位变体。同一个音位在不同的语言中有不同的实现方式，所以在另一语言中是音位变体。20 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 音位变体要满足两个条件：互补分布和语音相似性。21 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 当我们用一套简
38、单的符号记音，试图把一个词与其他的词区别开时，我们称之为宽式转写，宽式转写不包括一些细小变化。22 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 “peak” 和 “speak”中的发音不同的“p” 是同一个音位的音位变体，而不是自由对立体。23 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 语音相似性指一个音位的音位变体必须具有语音相似点。24 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 如果两个音素出现在一个相同的语音环境中，且不区别意义，这两个音素可被看作自由变体。25 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 我们所听见和说出的声音并不总是音位，有可能是音素，只有那些有区别意义的才是音位。26 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 音节中必不可少的就
39、是结核，即元音。节首和节尾可有可无。27 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 所有音节必须有结核，但不是所有的音节都有节首和节尾。28 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 英语的节首最多包括三个辅音，节尾最多包括四个辅音，而且必须有一个元音。29 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 这种情况下这两个音素就可被视为自由变体。30 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 应该是两个音或两个音位同化。31 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 气流从肺部产生，而后穿过声道经过一些变化比如转向，受阻等发出不同的音。32 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 自由变体是指两个音素出现在一个相同的语音环境中，并不区别意义，即用一个音素替换另一个音素
40、不产生新词，只产生同一个词的不同读音。33 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 p是双唇爆破音，没有摩擦。34 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 p 在 s之后是不送气的。三、单项选择题35 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 在三大发音器官中，气流在口腔中受挤或转向从而产生不同的声音。36 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 k 是清音，软腭音，爆破音；t是齿龈音，爆破音，清音；g是浊音，软腭音，爆破音，p是双唇音，爆破音，轻音。37 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 s是清音，摩擦音，齿龈音。38 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 a是低元音，后元音，紧音。39 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 音素是语音学研究的一个基本
41、单位，是人类的发音器官所能发出的最小语音片段，音位是一组语音特征的抽象集合体，并不是所有的因素都是音位。音位变体必须互补分布，且不会改变词义。40 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 根据最小对立体的定义，只有 A 不符合，因为 A 中的音不是在同一个位置上。41 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 音位是音系学研究的一个基本单位，是一组语音特征的抽象集合体，具有区别意义的作用。42 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 s是齿龈音，而 是齿音，所以二者不能构成最小对立体。43 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 s在 restart 中位于清辅音前，所以被轻音化。44 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 超音段特征包括音节
42、，重音，声调和语调。45 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 bilabial 是根据发音部位划分的。46 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 送气的p和不送气的p 是同一个音位 p在不同语音环境中的实现方式，所以被称为该音位的音位变体。47 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 发音语言学研究语音的发生。48 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 选项 A、B、C 都是摩擦音，w是近音。49 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 m，b， p都是双唇音，n 是齿龈音。50 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 声带振动产生浊音。51 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 英音和美音最大的区别就是发音和词汇，比如发音方面，美音有儿化音。52 【
43、正确答案】 B【试题解析】 v是唇齿音，擦音，浊辅音。四、简答题53 【正确答案】 /t/ appears after these sounds; / , p, k, s, /, /id/ is found after/t, d/, and /d/, and /d/ occurs after /g, 1, b, v, , n, au, m, , ei/. The general factor to determine whether /t/, /d/, or /id/ is used is the distinctive feature of voicing. Therefore, /t/ o
44、ccurs after a voiceless sound, except /t/; /d/ occurs after a voiced sound, except /d/; and /id/ occurs after either the consonant /t/ or /d/.54 【正确答案】 Usually, the description of the vowels needs to fulfill four basic requirements: (1) The height of tongue raising (high, mid, low);(2) The position
45、of the highest part of the tongue (front, central, back);(3) The length or tenseness of the vowel (tense vs. lax or long vs. short), and(4) lip-rounding (rounded vs. unrounded).55 【正确答案】 Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is primarily vocal, because
46、sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages, developed or “new“. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather t
47、han written. The term “human“ in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific.56 【正确答案】 As the vowels can not be described in the same way as the consonants, a system of cardinal vowels has been suggested to get out of this problem. The cardinal vowels are a set of vowel qualit
48、ies arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages. The cardinal vowels are abstract concept. The cardinal vowel diagram is a set of hypothetical positions for vowels used as reference points.The desc
49、ription of English vowels needs to fulfill four basic requirements: (1) the height of tongue raising (high, middle or low) ; (2) the position of the highest part of the tongue (front, central , back) ; (3) the length or tenseness of the vowel(tense vs. lax or long vs. short) ; (4) lip-rounding (rounded vs. unrounded). For example, i: : high, front, tense, unrounded vowel. u
