1、英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 22 及答案与解析一、填空题1 According to G Leech, _meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. (北二外 2006研)2 According to G Leech, _meaning refers to logic, cognitive, or denotative content. (北二外 2005 研)3 Acc
2、ording to G. Leech, _meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer. (北二外 2007 研)4 The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the_theory. (中山大学 2008 研)5 _is the technical name for the sam
3、eness relation. (北二外 2007 研)6 Terms like “apple“, “banana“ and “pear“ are_of the term “fruit“. (北二外 2007研)7 “Mary gave a book to Jack“ is synonymous with “Jack_a book from Mary.“ (北二外 2005 研)8 Terms like “rolling pin“ and “ladle“ are_of the term “kitchen implements.“ (北二外 2005 研)9 Antonyms like “hus
4、band“ v. “wife“ are_antonyms. (北二外 2003 研)10 Terms like “desk“ and “stool“ are_of the term “furniture“. (北二外 2003 研)11 _= PARANT(x, y) _ and_.二、判断题15 In the sentence “Money is often said to be the root of all evil“, “root“ is used in its conceptual meaning. (北二外 2007 研)（A）真（B）假16 After comparing “Th
5、ey stopped at the end of the corridor.“ with “At the end of the corridor, they stopped“, you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning. (北二外 2006 研)（A）真（B）假17 Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of “reference“
6、. (北二外 2005 研)（A）真（B）假18 When you use your own sentence with a meaning other than the conceptual, the meaning is some- times referred to as speakers meaning, or contextual meaning. (大连外国语学院 2008 研)（A）真（B）假19 The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stan
7、ds for, is known as the referential theory. (北二外 2006 研)（A）真（B）假20 Reference is one of the rarely used cohesive devices. (南开大学 2005 研)（A）真（B）假21 Odgen and Richards argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. (南开大学 2004 研)（A）真（B）假22 “Tulip“, “rose“ and “violet“ are
8、all included in the notion of “flower“. Therefore they are superordinates of “flower“. (北二外 2006 研)（A）真（B）假23 The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of COMPOSITIONALITY. (大连外国语学院 2008 研)
9、（A）真（B）假24 The two words borrow and lend are antonyms but the two sentences “Jan lent some money to Jack“ and “Jack borrowed some money from Jan“ are synonymous. (北二外2010 研)（A）真（B）假25 All the words in a language can be used to refer, but only some have senses. (北二外2010 研)（A）真（B）假三、单项选择题26 When the w
10、ord “root“ means “part of plant that keeps it firmly in the soil and absorbs water and food from the soil“, the meaning is_meaning. (北二外 2004 研)（A）connotative（B） conceptual（C） reflected27 _ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world experience. (西安交大 2008
11、 研)（A）Reference（B） Concept（C） Semantics（D）Sense28 Which of the following is NOT included in G. Leechs seven types of meaning? (大连外国语学院 2008 研)（A）Connotative meaning.（B） Denotative meaning.（C） Conceptual meaning.29 According to C. Ogden and I. Richards,_is regarded as the crucial intermediary between
12、_and_. (西安外国语学院 2006 研)（A）symbol . referent . thought（B） referent . thought . symbol（C） thought . symbol . referent30 There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation. They are represented by_respectively. (大连外国语学院 200
13、8 研)（A）synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymy（B） synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymy（C） antonymy, synonymy, and hyponymy31 Bird and cuckoo have the sense relation of hyponymy. Which of the following pairs of words has the same sense relation? (对外经贸 2005 研)（A）Vowel and consonant（B） Mouth and tongue（C） Lexicon
14、 and word（D）Number and gender32 By componential analysis, BECOME (x, ( ALIVE(x) is an explanation of_.(西安外国语学院 2006 研)（A）die（B） dead（C） kill（D）killed33 The sense relationship between “John plays the piano“ and “John plays a musical instrument“ is _.(北二外 2004 研)（A）synonymy（B） antonymy（C） entailment34
15、 Which of the following are gradable antonyms?（A）good and bad（B） male and female（C） young and old（D）buy and sell35 Conceptual meaning is not_（A）affective（B） cognitive（C） logic（D）denotative36 When the truth of sentence (a) guarantees the truth of sentence (b), and the falsity of sentence (b) guarante
16、es the falsity of sentence (a) , we can say that_.（A）sentence (a) presupposes sentence (b)（B） sentence (a) entails sentence (b)（C） sentence (a) is inconsistent with sentence (b)（D）sentence (a) contradicts sentence (b)37 “Socrates is a man“ is a case of_.（A）two-place predicate（B） one-place predicate（
17、C） two-place argument（D）one-place argument四、简答题38 What is the referential theory of meaning? (北交大 2005 研)39 What are the three kinds of antonyms? (武汉大学 2004 研)40 What is your opinion on “true synonymy is non-existent“? (四川大学 2006 研)41 How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, us
18、ing semantic features? (浙江大学 2004 研)(a) The television drank my water.(b) His dog writes poetry.42 Do you think there are true synonyms in English? Why? (厦门大学 2010 研)43 What is the difference between meaning, concept, connotation, and denotation?44 What is sense and what is reference? How are they r
19、elated?五、名词解释45 Conceptual meaning (四川大学 2010 研；武汉大学 2007 研；上海交大 2006 研)46 Contextual meaning (浙江大学 2005 研)47 Concatenation (四川大学 2006 研)48 Denotation (南开大学 2004 研)49 Semantic Triangle (大连外国语学院 2008 研)50 Lexical relations (上海交大 2006 研)51 Homonymy (上海交大 2007 研)52 Relational opposites (武汉大学 2005 研)53
20、Synonymy (西安交大 2008 研)54 Componential analysis (浙江大学 2005 研；北航 2008 研)55 Entailment (武汉大学 2006 研)56 Presupposition(武汉大学 2004 研)57 Polysemy (北外 2010 研)58 linguistic variable (北外 2011 研)六、举例说明题59 Please list and explain the 7 types of meaning recognized by G. Leech. (南开大学2004 研)60 The British linguist
21、 F. R. Palmer argues that “there is no absolute distinction between gradable antonyms and complementary antonyms.“ Do you believe so? Support your view with examples.(南开大学 2007 研)61 Words in our mental lexicon are known to be related to one another. Discuss the relationships between words, using exa
22、mples from the English language. (北外 2003 研)62 Categorize the following pairs: child - kid, alive - dead, big - small, husband - wife.63 How many semantic relations are there among sentences? Give examples.英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 22 答案与解析一、填空题1 【正确答案】 Connotative【试题解析】 利奇认为内涵意义是指通过语言所指传达的意义，是位于纯粹的概念意义之上的。
23、2 【正确答案】 Conceptual【试题解析】 利奇认为概念意义是指逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容。3 【正确答案】 Affective【试题解析】 利奇认为感情意义是指所传达的关于说话人作者感情、态度方面的意义。4 【正确答案】 Referential【试题解析】 把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来的理论，叫做指称理论。5 【正确答案】 Synonymy【试题解析】 同义关系是相同关系的专业术语，完全的同义关系是很少的。所谓的同义词都是依赖语境的，它们总是在这方面或那方面有所不同。6 【正确答案】 hyponyms【试题解析】 上下义关系是指意义内包关系或者说一种类和成员间的关系。题
24、中“苹果，香蕉，梨”都是“水果”的下义词。7 【正确答案】 received【试题解析】 参考“同义词”的定义。8 【正确答案】 hyponyms【试题解析】 “擀面杖”和“勺子”都属于“厨房用具”的下义词。9 【正确答案】 converse【试题解析】 反向反义关系是反义关系的一种特殊类型，典型地表现在两两相对的社会角色、亲属关系、时间和空间等方面；丈夫与妻子的关系属于此种反义关系。10 【正确答案】 (co-)hyponyms【试题解析】 在上下义关系中，一个坐标词通常有很多下义词。同类中的成员叫做同下义词。题中“桌子”和“凳子”都是“家具”的下义词。11 【正确答案】 fartherPA
25、RANT(x，y) the denial of one also means the assertion of the other, such as male and female. Converse antonyms do not constitute a positive-negative opposition; they only show the reversal of a relationship between two entities, such as husband and wife.40 【正确答案】 Generally speaking, synonyms are the
26、words which have different forms but similar meaning. There are several types of synonyms: dialectal synonyms, such as lift/elevator, flat/apartment; synonyms of different styles, as shown in gentleman/guy; synonyms of different registers, such as salt/sodium chloride, synonyms differing in affectiv
27、e meaning, such as attract/seduce; synonyms differing in collocation, such as beautiful/handsome, able/capable.41 【正确答案】 (a) The verb drink represents a behavior of the animate beings, therefore, it is required that the subject of this verb should have a semantic feature as (+ ANIMATE) , however, th
28、e word television , which is in position of subject, has an opposite feature; (- ANIMATE). Thats why such a collocation results in oddness.(b) The action of writing poetry is normally one which only human beings could do, therefore, the subject is required to have a semantic feature as (+ HUMAN) ; h
29、owever, the word dog in the subject position is featured as (- HUMAN). Therefore, the sentence is odd.42 【正确答案】 Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. It is used to mean sameness or close similarity of meaning. Total synonymy is rare. The so-called synonyms are all context depende
30、nt. They all differ in one way or another.There are no real synonyms, because two or more words named synonyms are expected without exception to differ from one another in one of the following aspects: (1) in shade of meaning (finish, complete, close, conclude) ; (2) in stylistic meaning (buy, purch
31、ase) ;(3) in emotive (or affective) meaning (economical, stingy);(4) in range of use or collocative meaning (accuse, charge) ;(5) in British and American English usages (autumn, fall).For example, they may differ in style. In the context “Little Tom_a toy bear“, here buy is more appropriate than pur
32、chase. Because purchase is more formal than buy.43 【正确答案】 Meaning refers to the association of language symbols with the real world. There are many types of meanings according to different approaches. Concept is the impression of objects in peoples mind; connotation, meaning the properties of the en
33、tity a word denotes, is the implied meaning, similar to implication and implicature; denotation, like sense, is not directly related to objects, but makes the abstract assumption of the real world. For example, the denotation of human is any person such as John and Mary, and its connotation is “bipe
34、d“ “featherless“ “rational“ etc.44 【正确答案】 Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. For example the sense of the word “dog“ is “a domesticated canine mammal, occurring in
35、 many breeds that show a great domesticated canine mammal, occurring in many breeds that show a great variety in size and form“. It does not refer to any particular dog that exists in the real world, but applies to any animal that meets the features described in the definition.Reference means what a
36、 linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic unit and the non-linguistic world of experience. If we say “The dog is barking“, we must be talking about a certain dog existent in the situation. The word “dog“ refers to a dog known to bot
37、h the speaker and the hearer. This is the reference of the word “dog“ in this particular situation.It is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.五、名词解释45 【正确答案】 According to Leech, conceptual meaning refers to the logical, cognitive, or denotative content of the meaning of a wo
38、rd. It is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to. For example, the conceptual meaning of “human“ is any person such as John and Mary.46 【正确答案】 It is also called speakers meaning, or utterance meaning, which is more closely related to the context. For example, when
39、a person says “My bag is heavy“, what he actually means may be asking the hearer to help him carry the bag.47 【正确答案】 What makes a word separate from other words is that all the letters are lined up together with no intervening spaces. That is, in a word, all letters are concatenated. Sometimes new w
40、ords can be made by concatenating two existing wordsfor example, “airline“ is a concatenation of the words “air“ and “line“ into a new word.48 【正确答案】 It means the core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world. In the case of linguistic signs, the denotative meaning
41、is what the dictionary attempts to provide. It is the literal meaning of a word, the dictionary meaning, opposite to connotation.49 【正确答案】 Ogden and Richards presented the classic “Semantic Triangle“ as manifested in the following diagram, in which the “symbol“ or “form“ refers to the linguistic ele
42、ments (word, sentence, etc.) , the “referent“ refers to the object in the world of experience, and “thought“ or “reference“ refers to concept or notion. According to this view, there is no direct link between symbol and referent, that is, between language and the world, the link is via thought, the
43、concept in our minds.50 【正确答案】 There are several types of lexical relations concerning the sense of the words. Those are synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, polysemy, homonymy, and so on. (a) Synonymy refers to the sameness relation; “autumn“ and “fall“ are synonyms, for example, (b) Antonymy refers to th
44、e oppositeness relation; for example, “buy“ and “sell“ are antonyms, (c) Hyponymy refers to the inclusiveness relation; for example, “apple“ is a hyponym of “fruit“, (d) Polysemy means one word that has more than one related meaning, and “ bank“ , as an example, is a polysemous word, (e) Homonymy re
45、fers to the relation of two different words which are identical either in sound, or spelling, or both, such as “bow“ (bau) and “bow“ (b u).51 【正确答案】 In any language there are words which have the same linguistic form but are different in meaning. These words are called homonyms. For example, bank (o
46、f a river), and bank (financial institution).52 【正确答案】 This is a type of antonymy, in which the members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition. They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities. For example, “buy/ sell“ is such a pair. X buys something from Y means Y
47、sells something from X.53 【正确答案】 It is the technical name for the sameness relation. Two or more forms with very closely related meanings are synonyms, which are often, but not always, intersubstitutable in sentences. For example, in English “hide“ and “conceal“ in “He hid the money under the bed. “
48、 and “He concealed the money under the bed“. Often one word may be more appropriate than another in a particular situation, e. g. “conceal“ is more formal than “hide“.54 【正确答案】 It refers to a semantic approach which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, or semanti
49、c features. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE.55 【正确答案】 It refers to the relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other. If X is true, Y is necessarily true, and if X is false, Y may be true or false. For example, the sentence “He has been to France“ entails “He has been to Europe“.56 【正确答案】 A presupposition is a proposition (expressed in a sentence) that is ass
