1、英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 23 及答案与解析一、判断题1 Metonymy involves using the familiar to stand for the unfamiliar. (对外经贸 2005 研)（A）真（B）假2 The utterance meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.（A）真（B）假3 Language acquisition refers to the process involved in creating and expressing mea
2、ning through language.（A）真（B）假4 Structural metaphor means that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc. , as entities and substances.（A）真（B）假5 Superordinate categories are the most general ones. The members of a superordi
3、nate category do not have enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt at this level.（A）真（B）假二、单项选择题6 How does the top-down approach differ from the bottom-up approach in language processing? (对外经贸 2005 研)（A）Bottom-up processing is more effective than top-down processing in speech synthe
4、sis.（B） Bottom-up processing utilizes all information one has in speech perception.（C） Top-down processing uses ones existing knowledge and the incoming speech signal.（D）Top-down processing is more efficient than bottom-up processing in speech comprehension.7 _is defined as a conscious process of ac
5、cumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.（A）Competence（B） Performance（C） Learning（D）Acquisition8 During language acquisition, children go through several stages, during which stage they begin to have sensitivity to the phonetic distinctions used in their parents
6、language.（A）Holophrastic stage（B） Two word stage（C） Three word stage（D）Fluent grammatical conversation stage9 _is the study of psychological aspect of language.（A）language acquisition（B） applied linguistics（C） psycholinguistics（D）pragmatics10 _does not belong to Construal Operations.（A）Attention/ Sa
7、lience（B） Judgment/ Comparison（C） metaphor and metonymy（D）Perspective/ Situatednesss三、简答题11 What is the purpose of studying language and mind? (南开大学 2004 研)12 What is the cognitive interpretation of image schema? (北航 2010 研)13 How to understand a sentence?14 What is blending theory?四、名词解释15 Language
8、 acquisition (浙江大学 2004 研)16 government (南开大学 2011 年研)17 Psycholiguistics18 The Innateness Hypothesis19 Construal and construal operations20 Categorization21 Cognition五、举例说明题22 In informal speech, people often omit sentence subjects because they are commonly understood. What are the omitted subjects
9、 in the following two sentences? Why do people know that these are the correct subjects? (南京大学 2008 研)a. Hope you like everything here.b. Just imagine what has just happened here.23 Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production.24 Research has found that two-year-old Engl
10、ish children produce negative sentences such as a) to d) , but not e) :a) He doesnt like cabbage.b) Doesnt like cabbage.c) Him no like cabbage.d) No like cabbage.e) * Him doesnt like cabbage.How can you account for this? (北外 2006 研)英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 23 答案与解析一、判断题1 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 转喻是一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密
11、联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法。2 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 话语意义随着话语情境的变化而不同。3 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 语言产出是一个通过语言来表达意义的过程。4 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 实体隐喻是指人类以自身经验和生理实体为基础，把事件、行为、情感、思想等抽象概念转换为实体。5 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 上位范畴是最具概括性的范畴，各成员没有足够的共性构成一个共同的完形。二、单项选择题6 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 在语言处理加工过程中，有两种方法，即从一般到具体的自上而下的方法和从具体到一般的自下而上的方法。其中自下而上的方法会用到言语感知中的所有信息。7 【正确答
12、案】 C【试题解析】 在学校里我们会学到第二语言，对第二语言知识的这种有意识的积累，叫做“学习“。8 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 孩子们的语言习得要经历三个阶段，单词句阶段，双词句阶段，以及三词句阶段。在单词句阶段，孩子们会对其父母话语中的语音特征特别敏感。9 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 语言习得是从心理学的角度来研究语言，主要研究儿童不自觉地自然地掌握母语的过程。10 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 识解操作是人类语言处理过程中概念化的过程，或者说，识解操作是理解语言表达方式所使用的基本心理过程和来源。包括(1)注意力突显；(2)判断对比；(3)视点观察者位置。三、简答题11 【正确答案】
13、 The study of language and mind aims to model the workings of the mind in relation to language; for example, it helps explain how the language production and perception is achieved. Since structures and connections in the mind are inevitably unobservable, researchers put forward hypotheses based on
14、fragmentary clues. The label most usually given to the study of “language and mind“ is psycholinguistics, a term which is often perceived as being trendy. Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures.12 【正确答案】 Image schema is a recurr
15、ing, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.Image schema exists at a level of abstraction, operates at a level of mental organization between propositional structures and concrete image, and it can be subdivided into the
16、 following items: a center-periphery schema, a continent schema, a cycle schema, a force schema, a link schema, a part-whole schema, a path schema, a scale schema and a vertical schema.13 【正确答案】 Besides decoding sounds and lexical meanings, comprehension also includes untangling the meaning of sente
17、nces. There are a few elements influencing the comprehension of sentences. The first is that the ambiguity of word meaning leads to difficulties in sentence understanding. The more complex information the word has, the more difficult the sentence is to be understood. The second factor is that the li
18、nguistic structure of the sentence affects the processing time. Psycholinguists have addressed th phenomena of sentence comprehension in different ways. Firstly, serial models propose that the sentence comprehension system continually and sequentially follows the constraints of a languages grammar w
19、ith remarkable speed. Secondly, parallel models emphasize the comprehension system is sensitive to a vast range14 【正确答案】 Fauconnier cross-space mapping, generic space, blend and emergent structure. The blending theory suggests a new way of thinking about what constitutes a novel inference. Because t
20、he mapping operation involves integrated frames rather than isolated predicates, the choice of one particular framing over another necessarily results in a different set of attendant inferences.四、名词解释15 【正确答案】 Language acquisition; It refers to the gradual development of ability in a language by usi
21、ng it naturally in communicative situations.16 【正确答案】 Government: In the traditional approach, it refers to a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions.17 【正确答案】 Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of language; it mainly studies
22、 the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. An important focus of psycholinguistics is the largely unconscious use of grammatical rules that enable people to produce and comprehend intelligible sentences. Psycholinguists investigate the relationship between lan
23、guage and thought, Psycholinguistics is also concerned with how languages are learned, and the role they play in our thinking.18 【正确答案】 The innateness hypothesis was proposed by Chomsky. It says that the ability to acquire a human language is part of the biologically innate equipment of the human be
24、ing, and that an infant is born with this knowledge of basic grammatical relations and categories, and this knowledge is universal.19 【正确答案】 Construal is the competence to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantag
25、e point, figure-ground segregation etc. Construal operations are conceptualizing processes applied in language process by human beings. That is, construal operations are the underlying psychological processes and resources employed in the interpretation of linguistic expressions.20 【正确答案】 Categoriza
26、tion is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences. There are three levels in categories; the basic level, the superordinate level, and the subordinate level.21 【正确答案】 Cognition is, in psychology, used to refer to the mental processes
27、of an individual, with particular relation to a concept which argues that the mind has internal mental states (such as beliefs, desires and intentions) and can be understood as information processing, especially when much abstraction or concretization is involved, or processes such as involving know
28、ledge, expertise or learning for example are at work. Another definition of “cognition“ is the mental process or faculty of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.五、举例说明题22 【正确答案】 The omitted subject in sentence a is “I“, and the omitted subject in sentence
29、 b is usually “You“. This is a matter of sentence comprehension in language comprehension. Psycholinguists have proposed principles interpreting sentence comprehension with respect to the grammatical constraints. The most popular principle is “Minimal attachment“ which defines “structurally simpler“
30、, and it claims that structural simplicity guides all initial analyses in sentence comprehension.In this view, the sentence processor constructs a single analysis of a sentence and attempts to interpret it. The first analysis is the one that requires the fewest applications of grammatical rules to a
31、ttach each incoming word into the structure being built; it is the automatic consequence of an effort to get some analysis constructed as soon as possible. In the first sentence, when “hope“ as a verb is used to express the speakers desire and expectation for something to happen, it conveys the will
32、 of the speaker. So, the subject of “hope“ is usually the speaker her/ himself and can be omitted when the two are talking to each other. When the speaker is making a statement and using “hope“ to express others will, the subject will not be omitted.Therefore, according to “minimal attachment“ princ
33、iple, when the hearer interprets this sentence, they automatically interpret “I“the speaker, as the subject of “hope“. Sentence b can be said to be an imperative sentence which is a sentence that gives advice or instructions or that expresses a request or a command. This instruction or request is al
34、ways aimed to the hearer or the reader, so the subject of an imperative is always “you“. When the hearer interpret this sentence, he/she will interpret the verb “ imagine“ as a request or advice through which the speaker tries to make he/she involved in this action, so it is easier for he/she to con
35、sider “you“ as the subject.Context is another important factor for people to understand the subjects. The subjects will be more clear in particular context although they are omitted.23 【正确答案】 From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis, language use in terms of perception, comprehension and pr
36、oduction follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers.When we speak, words are drawn from Wernickes area and transferred to Brocas area, which determines the details of their forms and pronunciation. The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor are
37、a which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words.When we hear something and try to comprehend it, the stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernickes area, where it is then interpreted.When we perceive a visual image, a message is sent to the angular gyrus, where it
38、is converted into a visual pattern.24 【正确答案】 This founding firstly demonstrates one point that the acquisition of auxiliary verbs comes later than that of comparatively “simpler“ morphemes such as pronouns. Therefore, it is unlikely for children to make mistakes as shown in e). The reason for this p
39、henomenon could be explained by the fact that in the early stage of childrens language acquisition, the speech at first only contains content words and lacks the function elements.This founding also shows that children have a certain process of learning the negative form. There are generally three s
40、tages.(1) At first, the negative element is not part of the structure of the sentences. It is simply attached to the beginning, as shown in d).(2) The negative element is inserted into the sentence. The additional negative forms don t and cant are used, and with no and not, begin to be placed in front of the verb rather than at the beginning, as shown in c).(3) Children begin to produce the appropriate part of do, be or the model verbs, to suit the person or tense, as shown in b) and a).
