1、英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 29 及答案与解析一、填空题1 The structural approach to the analysis of language was started by the Swiss linguist_ in the beginning of the twentieth century. (中山大学 2006 研)2 Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) is a theory of linguistic analysis which describes how _is distributed in sentences
2、. (中山大学 2005 研)3 Systemic-Functional Grammar, unlike traditional grammar which takes sentence as the largest unit, takes_as the basic unit. (中山大学 2008 研)4 In Hallidays Systemic Grammar, a system is a list of things between which it is possible to choose. So they are meanings, which the grammar can d
3、istinguish. The items in a system are called_. (中山大学 2008 研)5 The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is L. Bloomfield, whose book _ (1933) was once held as the model of scientific methodology. (中山大学 2006 研)6 The publication of Syntactic Structures (1957) marked the beginnin
4、g of the_. (中山大学 2006 研)7 In 1979, Chomsky delivered a series of lectures Pisa, Italy, which were revised later and published under the tide of_. (中山大学 2005 研)8 _is an approach that stresses the relationships of elements in a sentence. It is a type of generative grammar developed by C.J. Fillmore. (
5、中山大学 2006 研)9 _, born in 1 928, is all American linguist, educator, and political activist. He is the founder of transformational-generative grammar, a system that revolutionized modem linguistics.(北京邮电大学 2010 研)10 The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and
6、the distinction between_and phonology.11 Chomsky argues that LAD probably consists of three elements, that is a_, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.12 Systemic-Functional Grammar takes the actual uses of language as the object of study, while Chomskys TG Grammar takes the ideal speak
7、ers linguistic_ as the object of study.二、判断题13 Functional grammar is an approach to linguistics that goes in through meaning. (对外经贸 2005 研)（A）真（B）假14 According to the innateness hypothesis, infants are born able to speak a language. (北二外 2007 研)（A）真（B）假15 In the Classical theory, Chomskys aim is to
8、make linguistics a science. This theory is characterized by three features: (1) emphasis on prescription of language; (2) introduction of transformational rules; and (3) grammatical description regardless of language formation. (南开大学 2004 研)（A）真（B）假16 Generative grammar is a system of rules that in
9、some explicit and well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentences. (南开大学 2004 研)（A）真（B）假17 American Structuralism is a branch of diachronic linguistics that emerged independently in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.（A）真（B）假18 If two sentences have exactly the
10、 same ideational and interpersonal functions, they would be the same in terms of textual coherence.（A）真（B）假三、单项选择题19 According to_ theory, grammar refers to the initial state of the human language faculty. (西安外国语学院 2006 研)（A）Saussures（B） Bloomfields（C） Chomskys（D）Hallidays20 _rules may change the sy
11、ntactic representation of a sentence. (西安交通大学2008 研)（A）Generative（B） Transformational（C） X-bar（D）Phrase structure21 Generally speaking, the_specifies whether a certain tagmeme is in the position of the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure.（A）Slot（B） Class（C） Role（D）Cohesion22 The most important
12、 contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of_.（A）function（B） meaning（C） signs（D）system23 Chomsky follows_in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.（A）empiricism（B） behaviourism（C） rationalism（D）mentalism四、简答题24 Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modem l
13、inguistics? (四川大学 2006 研)25 What are the three important points of the Prague School? (北交大学 2005 研)26 What are the major concerns of the Prague School theory? (北航 2008 研)27 What is your understanding of Systemic Functional Grammar? (北航 2010 研)28 What is behaviourism?29 What is the relationship betwe
14、en linguistics and behaviorism according to Bloomfield?五、名词解释30 Ferdinand de Saussure (中山大学 2005 研)31 Textual function (西安外国语学院 2006 研)32 The London School of Linguistics (中山大学 2005 研)33 Surface structure (四川大学 2006 研)34 Transformational-Generative grammar (浙江大学 2003 研)35 Language Acquisition Device
15、 (LAD) (武汉大学 2005 研)36 Innateness hypothesis六、举例说明题37 A discussion on Saussure as the father of modern linguistics. (武汉大学 2008 研)38 What are the unique features of Hallidays systemic linguistics? (北航 2008 研)39 How does Halliday relate the functions performed by language to its structures? (北京邮电大学 20
16、10 研；中山大学 2005 研)40 Chomsky sets up three different targets to aim at: observational adequacy, descriptive adequacy and explanatory adequacy. Define and discuss them. (浙江大学 2007 研)41 The roles of Transformational-Generative linguistics and Functional linguistics in language teaching and learning. (武
17、汉大学 2007 研)42 What are the distinctive features of American structuralism? (武汉大学 2011 年研)43 Can you make a brief introduction to Systemic-Functional Grammar?44 What is characteristic of TG grammar?英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 29 答案与解析一、填空题1 【正确答案】 Saussure【试题解析】 对语言的结构性分析方法是在 20 世纪初，由瑞士语言学家索绪尔开启的，他被称为“现代语言学之父”
18、和一位“使语言学走向现代的大师”。2 【正确答案】 information【试题解析】 功能句子观是一套语言学分析理论，它是指用信息论的原理来分析话语或文本。3 【正确答案】 clause【试题解析】 与传统语法不同，系统功能语法把句子作为最大单位，把分句作为最小单位。4 【正确答案】 options【试题解析】 系统就是存在于语法中的一系列选择。系统语法的目的是要说明语言作为系统的内部底层关系，它是与意义相关联的可供人们不断选择的若干子系统组成的系统网络。5 【正确答案】 Language【试题解析】 布龙菲尔德是描述语言学的主要代表，他的著作语言曾被当做科学方法的典范。6 【正确答案】 C
19、homsky Revolution【试题解析】 1957 年，乔姆斯基写了一本名为句法结构的著作，这本书标志着“乔姆斯基改革时代”的到来，从此，乔姆斯基在语言学界的地位变得极为重要。7 【正确答案】 Lectures on Government and Binding【试题解析】 1979 年，乔姆斯基开展了一系列的讲座，之后把讲座内容写成一本书，叫做管辖与约束，即修正的扩展的标准理论。8 【正确答案】 Case Grammar【试题解析】 格语法是美国语言学家菲尔墨在 60 代中期提出来的，它是着重探讨句法结构与语义之间关系的一种语法理论和语义学理论。9 【正确答案】 Norman Chom
20、sky【试题解析】 乔姆斯基，生于 1928 年，是美国著名的语言学家，教育家。他是转换生成语法的创始人。10 【正确答案】 phonetics【试题解析】 布拉格学派主要的贡献是对音系学的研究和对音系学与语音学的区分。11 【正确答案】 hypothesis-maker【试题解析】 乔姆斯基的语言习得机制由 3 个元素组成：对语言的假想，语言的普遍性和评价。12 【正确答案】 competence【试题解析】 系统功能语法把实际中的语言现象当做其研究对象，而乔姆斯基的转换生成语法把理想说话者的语言能力作为研究对象。二、判断题13 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 功能语法的基础是语言系统及其成分
21、由它们所提供的作用和功能所决定，而非其意义。14 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 乔姆斯基的天赋假设是说，儿童与生俱来拥有一种语言学习的能力，叫做“语言习得机制”。即儿童天生拥有语法关系及语法范畴的知识，而不是说孩子天生就会说话。15 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 乔姆斯基的古典理论有三个特点：(1)重视语言的生成能力，而非规定性；(2)转换规则的介绍；(3) 语法描述，不研究意义，而非不研究语言形式。16 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 乔姆斯基用“生成语法”这一概念来指“一套用来给句子进行结构描写，定义明确严格的规则系统”。17 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 美国结构主义是共时语言学的一个分支
22、，独立地诞生于二十世纪初的美国，它并不是历时语言学的分支。18 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 概念功能和人际功能完全相同的两个句子可以有不同的语篇功能。三、单项选择题19 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 韩礼德认为，人类语言能力的最初形式即是对语法知识的了解。20 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 乔姆斯基的转换规则会改变一个句子的句法结构。21 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 派克认为，语言的三种等级系统中的每一个层次都具有轨位、类别、作用和接应这四个特点的语言单位。轨位决定了法位在结构中是处于核心还是边缘位置。22 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 布拉格学派将语言看作是在所属语言群体中发挥一系列功能
23、的工具，这是其对语言学界的一大贡献。23 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 乔姆斯基在他的研究中运用了心理学中的理性主义和哲学中的心灵主义。四、简答题24 【正确答案】 Saussure occupies such an important place in the history of linguistics that he is often described as “father of modern linguistics“:(1) The book Course in General Linguistics (1916), which is the most important sourc
24、e of Saussures ideas, marked the beginning of modern linguistics.(2) Saussure was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs, called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of the signifier and the signified.(3) By providing answers to qu
25、estions concerning many aspects of language, Saussure made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics, etc. pushe
26、d linguistics into a brand new stage.25 【正确答案】 The three important points developed in Prague School are: (a) It was stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation but no rigid theoretical barrier is erected to
27、 separate diachronic study. (b) There was an emphasis on the systemic character of language. (c) Language was looked on as functional in another sense, that is, as a tool performing a number essential functions or tasks for the community using it.26 【正确答案】 Three points of the Prague School theory ar
28、e of special importance.First, it was stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation.Second, there was an emphasis on the systemic character of language.Third, language was looked on as functional in another se
29、nse. Based on these ideas, the Prague School practiced a special style of synchronic linguistics, and made great contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. Its most important contribution is that it sees language in terms of function.27 【正确答案】 Systemic functional
30、grammar, developed by M. A. K. Halliday, is a socially oriented functional linguistic approach and one of the most influential linguistic theories in the twentieth century. Systemic functional grammar is based on two facts;Language users are actually making choices in a set of systems and trying to
31、realize different semantic functions in social interaction.Language is inseparable from social activities of man. Thus, it takes actual uses of language as the object of study. One point to notice is that it takes clause as the basic unit. It consist of two inseparable parts: systemic grammar and fu
32、nctional grammar.28 【正确答案】 Behaviourism is a principle of scientific method, based on the belief that human beings cannot know anything they have not experienced. Behaviourism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of “stimulus-response reinforcement“, and the adults use o
33、f language is also a process of “stimulus-response“.29 【正确答案】 For Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of the positivistic brand of psychology known as “behaviourism“. When the behaviourist methodology entered linguistics via Bloomfields writings, the popular practice in linguistic studies was to acc
34、ept what a native speaker says in his language and to discard what he says about it. This is because of the belief that a linguistic description was reliable when based on observation of unstudied utterances by speakers; it was unreliable if the analyst had resorted to asking speakers questions such
35、 as “Can you say . in your language?“五、名词解释30 【正确答案】 Ferdinand de Saussure is a Swiss linguist who is often described as “father of modern linguistics“. The great work, Course in General Linguistics, which was based on his lecture notes, marked the beginning of modern linguistics. Saussures idea on
36、the arbitrary nature of sign, one the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics, etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.31 【正确答案】 Textual function: The textual function is one of the three meta-functions langua
37、ge is composed of. It refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living message different from a random list of sentences.32 【正确答案】 The London School generally refers to the kind of linguistic scholar
38、ship in England. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain was J. R. Firth.33 【正确答案】 Surface structure: It is a term used in generative grammar to refer to the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to th
39、e phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear. For instance, “John is easy to please.“ and “John is eager to please.“ are two sentences with the same surface structure.34 【正确答案】 Transformational-generative grammar is proposed
40、 by Noam Chomsky. He postulated a syntactic base of language (called deep structure), which consists of a series of phrase-structure rewrite rules, i. e. , a series of (possibly universal) rules that generates the underlying phrase-structure of a sentence. The end result of a transformational-genera
41、tive grammar is a surface structure that is identical to an actual sentence of a language, after the mediating of a series of rules (called transformations) that act upon the deep structures.35 【正确答案】 Language Acquisition Device: LAD refers to an innate faculty of language in general with which chil
42、dren are born. It is posited by Chomsky, who argues that LAD probably consists of three elements; a hypothesis-maker, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.36 【正确答案】 The “ Innateness Hypothesis“ of child language acquisition was proposed by Noam Chomsky, who states that language are some
43、what innate and that children are born with what he calls a language acquisition device, which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning.六、举例说明题37 【正确答案】 Saussure was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs. To communi
44、cate ideas, signs must be part of a system of signs, called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of a form (signifier) and an idea (signified) , and it is the central fact of language.By providing answers to questions concerning many aspects of language, Saussure made clear the object of
45、study for linguistics as a science. Saussure exerted two kinds of influence on modern linguistics. First, he provided a general orientation, a sense of the task of linguistics which has seldom been questioned. Second, he influenced modern linguistics. Many of the developments of modern linguistics c
46、an be described as his concepts, i. e. his ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics, etc. Saussures fundamental perception is of revolutionary significance, and it is he t
47、hat pushed linguistics into a brand new stage and all linguistics in the twentieth century is Saussurean linguistics. Thats why Saussure is considered being the father of modern linguistics.38 【正确答案】 Hallidays Systemic Grammar is different from other linguistic theories in the following aspects.Firs
48、t, it attaches great importance to the sociological aspects of language.Secondly, it views language as a form of doing rather than a form of knowing. It distinguishes linguistic behavior potential from actual linguistic behavior.Thirdly, it gives a relatively high priority to description of the char
49、acteristics of particular languages and particular varieties of languages.Fourthly, it explains a number of aspects of language in terms of clines (i. e. ungrammatical more unusual less unusual less usual grammatical).Fifthly, it seeks verification of its hypotheses by means of observation from texts and by means of statistical techniques.Lastly, it has as its central category the category of the system.39 【正确答案】 According to Halliday, structure is the outward form of the system, wh
