1、河北专接本英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 12 及答案与解析0 For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies and other creatures learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards“; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the ear
2、ly stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological(生理的)“drives“ as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results
3、 in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward“ the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drin
4、k would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if t
5、he movement “switched on“ a display of lights and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.Papouseks light display was placed directly in front of the babies and h
6、e made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble“ when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in s
7、olving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.1 According to the author, babies learn to do things which_.（A）are directly related to pleasure（B） will meet their physical needs（C） will bring
8、 them a feeling of success（D）will satisfy their curiosity2 Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby_.（A）would make learned responses when it saw the milk（B） would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink（C） would continue the simple movements without being given milk（D）would turn i
9、ts head to right or left when it had enough to drink3 In Papouseks experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to_.（A）have the lights turned on（B） be rewarded with milk（C） please their parents（D）be praised4 The babies would “smile and bubble“ at the lights because_（A）the lights wer
10、e directly related to some basic “drives“（B） the sight of the lights was interesting（C） they need not turn back to watch the lights（D）they succeeded in “switching on“ the lights5 According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of（A）a basic human desire to unders
11、tand and control the world（B） the satisfaction of certain physiological needs（C） their strong desire to solve complex problems（D）a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills5 Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but I also explain that the
12、res a big difference between “being a writer, and writing“. In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter. “Youve got to want to write ,“ I say to them , “not want to be a writer.“The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-pa
13、ying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded. When I left a 20-year career in the U. S. Coast Guard to become a freelance writer(自由撰稿者), I had no prospects at all: What I did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment bu
14、ilding. It didnt even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used manual typewriter and felt like a genuine writer.After a year or so, however, I still hadnt gotten a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I kn
15、ew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for years. I wasnt going to be one of those people who die wondering, What if? I would keep putting my dream to the test-even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. This is the Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn t
16、o live there.6 The passage is meant to_.（A）warn young people of the hardships that a successful writer has to experience（B） advise young people to give up their idea of becoming a professional writer（C） show young people it is unrealistic for a writer to pursue wealth and fame（D）encourage young peop
17、le to pursue a writing career7 What can be concluded from the passage?（A）Genuine writers often find their work interesting and rewarding.（B） A writers success depends on luck rather than on effort.（C） Famous writers usually live in poverty and isolation.（D）The chances for a writer to become successf
18、ul are small.8 Why did the author begin to doubt himself after the first year of his writing career?（A）He wasnt able to produce a single book.（B） He hadnt seen a change for the better.（C） He wasnt able to have a rest for a whole year.（D）He found his dream would never come true.9 “.people who die won
19、dering, What if?“(Line 3, Para. 3)refers to “those_“.（A）who think too much of the dark side of life（B） who regret giving up their career halfway（C） who think a lot without making a decision（D）who are full of imagination even upon death10 “Shadowland“ in the last sentence refers to_.（A）the wonderland
20、 one often dreams about（B） the bright future that one is looking forward to（C） the state of uncertainty before ones final goal is reached（D）a world that exists only in ones imagination10 The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the l
21、abel: “store in the refrigerator.“ In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher(肉商), the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus(剩余的)bread and milk be
22、came all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast way of we
23、ll-tried techniques already existed_natural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling. What refrigeration did promote was marketing_marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.Consequently, most of
24、 the worlds fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-
25、cooled space inside an artificially-heated house _while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.The fridges effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you dont believe me, try it yourself, invest in a foo
26、d cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburger(汉堡包), but at least youll get rid of that terrible hum.11 The statement “In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily.“(Line 1, Para .2)suggests that_.（A）the author was well-fed and healthy even without a f
27、ridge in his fifties（B） the author was not accustomed to use fridges even in his fifties（C） the fridge was in its early stage of development in the 1950s（D）there was no fridge in the authors home in the 1950s12 Why does the author say that nothing was wasted before the invention of fridges?（A）People
28、 would not buy more food than was necessary.（B） Food was delivered to people two or three times a week.（C） People had effective ways to preserve their food.（D）Food was sold fresh and did not get rotten easily.13 Who benefited the least from fridges according to the author?（A）Inventors.（B） Manufactur
29、ers.（C） Consumers.（D）Traveling salesmen.14 Which of the following phrases in the fifth paragraph indicates the fridges negative effect on the environment?（A） With mild temperatures.（B） Climatically almost unnecessary.（C） Artificially-cooled space.（D）Hum away continuously.15 What is the author s over
30、all attitude toward fridges?（A）Critical.（B） Neutral.（C） Objective.（D）Compromising15 After the violent earthquake that shook Los Angeles in 1994,earthquake scientists had good news to report: The damage and death toll(死亡人数)could have been much worse.More than 60 people died in this earthquake. By com
31、parison, an earthquake of similar intensity that shook America in 1988 claimed 25,000 victims.Injuries and deaths were relatively less in Los Angeles because the quake occurred at 4:31 a.m. on a holiday, when traffic was light on the citys highways. In addition, changes made to the construction code
32、s in Los Angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the citys buildings and highways, making them more resistant to quakes.Despite the good news, civil engineers arent resting on their successes. Pinned to their drawing boards are blue prints(蓝图)for improved quake-resistant buildings. The ne
33、w designs should offer even greater security to cities where earthquakes often take place.In the past, making structures quake-resistant meant firm yet flexible materials, such as steel and wood, that bend without breaking. Later, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and insert rubber
34、 and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations. The most recent 5 designs give buildings brains as well as concrete and steel support. Called smart buildings, the structures respond like living organisms to an earthquakes vibrations. When the ground shak
35、es and the building tips forward, the computer would force the building to shift in the opposite direction.The new smart structures could be very expensive to build. However, that would save many lives and would be less likely to be damaged during earthquakes.16 One reason why the loss of lives in t
36、he Los Angeles earthquake was comparatively low is that_.（A）improvements had been made in the construction of buildings and highways（B） it occurred in the residential areas rather than on the highways（C） large numbers of Los Angeles residents had gone for a holiday（D）new computers had been installed
37、 in the buildings17 The function of the computer mentioned in the passage is to_.（A）help strengthen the foundation of the building（B） predict the coming of an earthquake with accuracy（C） counterbalance an earthquakes action on the building（D）measure the impact of an earthquake s vibrations18 The sma
38、rt buildings discussed in the passage_.（A）would cause serious financial problems（B） would be worthwhile though costly（C） would increase the complexity of architectural design（D）can reduce the ground vibrations caused by earthquakes19 It can be inferred from the passage that in minimizing the damage
39、caused by earthquakes attention should be focused on_.（A）the increasing use of rubber and steel in capital construction（B） the reduction of the impact of ground vibrations（C） the development of flexible building materials（D）early forecasts of earthquakes20 The authors main purpose in writing the pas
40、sage is to_.（A）compare the consequences of the earthquakes that occurred in the U.S.（B） encourage civil engineers to make more extensive use of computers（C） outline the history of the development of quake-resistant building materials（D）report new developments in constructing quake-resistant building
41、s河北专接本英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 12 答案与解析【知识模块】 阅读理解1 【正确答案】 C【知识模块】 阅读理解2 【正确答案】 C【知识模块】 阅读理解3 【正确答案】 A【知识模块】 阅读理解4 【正确答案】 D【知识模块】 阅读理解5 【正确答案】 A【知识模块】 阅读理解【知识模块】 阅读理解6 【正确答案】 A【知识模块】 阅读理解7 【正确答案】 D【知识模块】 阅读理解8 【正确答案】 B【知识模块】 阅读理解9 【正确答案】 B【知识模块】 阅读理解10 【正确答案】 C【知识模块】 阅读理解【知识模块】 阅读理解11 【正确答案】 D【知识模块】 阅读理解12 【正确答案】 C【知识模块】 阅读理解13 【正确答案】 C【知识模块】 阅读理解14 【正确答案】 D【知识模块】 阅读理解15 【正确答案】 A【知识模块】 阅读理解【知识模块】 阅读理解16 【正确答案】 A【知识模块】 阅读理解17 【正确答案】 C【知识模块】 阅读理解18 【正确答案】 C【知识模块】 阅读理解19 【正确答案】 B【知识模块】 阅读理解20 【正确答案】 D【知识模块】 阅读理解
