1、1第三讲 信息概括题这类题目难度大、要求高、得分低，考生要在透彻理解文章的基础上，根据文中相关信息综合分析后提炼出新词。此类题目主要分为两种类型：(1)总结性词汇。设题大多数情况下是概括文章的标题、段落大意、事件过程、文章的目的、意义以及得出的结论等。解题关键 寻 找 文 章 或 段 落 的 主 旨 句 根 据 问 题 查 找 定 位 信 息 ， 找 共 性 的 东 西 )(2)归纳词。有的题目在原文中可能找不到具体的信息句。这就要求我们首先要确定信息区域，然后对该区域进行认真地分析归纳。解题关键 概 括 性 （ 在 最 大 程 度 上 覆 盖 栏 内 信 息 ） 针 对 性 （ 量 体 裁
2、衣 ， 大 小 适 度 ） 醒 目 性 （ 简 洁 ） )注意 信息概括题有时必须结合表格本身才能正确解答。典例 1 (2017江苏高考)Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays.Furthermore，around 50% of the worlds population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level(
3、i.e.2.1 births per woman)and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate.You might think that developing nations would make up the loss(especially since 80% of the worlds people now live in such nations)，but youd be wrong.Declining birth rate is a major problem in many d
4、eveloping regions too，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.It would be difficult for developed countries to maintain the (72)_of population.分析 第一步：根据题干大意可定位到文章第二段。第二步：根据第二段内容，特别是“almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate”和“
5、Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work 2force within a few decades.”可知，发达国家保持人口的现有规模也是困难重重。size/scale 表示“尺寸，大小，规模” ，符合文意。第三步：确定答案为 size/scale。典例 2 (2017江苏高考)In the north of India，the population is booming due to
6、high birth rates，but in the south，where most economic development is taking place，birth rate is falling rapidly.In a further twist，birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas.In total，25% of Indias working-age population has no education.In 2030，a s
7、ixth of the countrys potential work force could be totally uneducated.Leaving aside the birth rate issue，Indias economy may take off when the country achieves (78)_of educational opportunity.分析：第一步：根据题干中的“Indias economy”以及“educational” ，可以定位到文章第五段。第二步：根据第五段中对于印度人口出生率以及经济发展与教育的关系的叙述可以得出这样的结论：印度若能实现公民
8、受教育机会的平等化，它的经济会有大的增长。第三步：确定答案为 equality。知识链接 1 信息概括常用词1.原因与结果：reason (for)，result；cause (of)，consequence2.异同点与优缺点：difference，similarity; advantage，disadvantage3.功能：function4.观点与态度：opinion，view (on/about)，viewpoint，idea; attitude (to/towards) 5.评论与评价：comment (on)，remark (on/upon)，assessment6.方式与方法：me
9、ans，way，method (of); solution，approach (to doing sth)；(take) measures (to do sth)7.目的：purpose，aim，goal8.积极与消极：positive，negative9.建议：advice，suggestion，tip10.概括与总结：summary，conclusion11.特点：feature，characteristic312.种类：kind，type，category，class13.精神上与身体上：mentally，physically14.影响：influence，impact，effect (
10、on)15.情形，状况：situation，condition16.方面与项目条款：aspect，item17.材料：materials18.知识与消息：knowledge，information19.日程计划：schedule，agenda20.百分比：percentage21.性别：sex22.年龄：age23.(不)熟悉：familiar/unfamiliar24.个人，个人的：individual25.细节：description，detail26.文化：culture27.责任：(take) responsibility28.贡献：(make) contributions (to)2
11、9.重要：value，importance，significance30.比较：contrast，comparison31.时期：period，time32.存在：existence，exist33.人口：population34.天气与气候：weather，climate35.位置：location36.主题：theme37.背景：setting，background38.情节：plot39.高潮：climax40.反对者与支持者：opponent，supporter知识链接 2 同义替换常考词汇41 result fromarise from 由导致2 at randomrandomly
12、随意地3 in particularparticularly 尤其，特别4 in peacepeacefully 平静地；安宁地5 in advanceahead of time (schedule)预先6 in partpartly 在一定程度上7 in silencesilently 寂静地，沉默地8 in harmonyharmoniously 和谐地9 be accused ofbe charged with 被指控10 put forwardcome up with 提出11 on behalf ofrepresent 代表12 show upturn upappear 出现13 i
13、ncluding sthsth included 包括某物14 be exposed toexposure to 暴露于，接触到15 account formake up 占据比例16 lack sthbe short of sthbe lacking in sth 缺少某物17 at handhandy 在手边18 escape fromflee 逃离19 stand/bear/tolerate/put up with 忍受20 at the same timemeanwhile 同时21 make fun oflaugh atteasemock 取笑22 treat sb badlyabu
14、se sb 虐待某人23 take pride inbe proud of 对感到自豪24 be dressed inwear sth 穿着25 burst into tearsburst out crying 突然大哭26 look aftertake care ofattend to 照顾27 compensate formake up for 补偿28 onlineon the Internet 在网上29 matter/count/be important 重要530 catch onpopularize 流行31 take upoccupy 占据32 believe intrust
15、信任33 take in sthabsorb sth 理解，吸收某物34 starve to deathdie of hunger/starvation 饿死35 accompany sbkeep sb company 陪伴某人36 turn to sb for helpask sb for help 向某人求助37 100 years1 century10 decades 100 年38 a fortnighttwo weeks 两周39 every yearyearlyannual 每年的40 363 dozen 3 打41 face sthbe faced with sth 面对某事42
16、 facing sthfaced with sth(状语)面临某事43 supportbe in favor offavorsubscribe to 支持44 be of use/valuebe useful/valuable 对有用45 do withdeal withcope withhandle 处理46 be absorbed inbe lost inbe buried in 专心于47object to doing sthoppose doing sthbe opposed to doing sthraise an objection to doing sth 反对做某事48 con
17、vince sbmake sb convinced 使某人信服49 the remaining moneythe money left 剩下的钱50 now and thensometimesoccasionally 有时51 make an apology to sbapologize to sb 向某人道歉52 a variety of n.varieties of n.various n.各种各样的53 make full use ofmake the most (best) oftake advantage of 利用54be related tobe associated withb
18、e linked tobe connected with 跟有关55 put off doingdelay doingpostpone doingbuy time to do 推迟做56 an approach to doing stha way of doing stha way to do sthhow to do 6sth 做某事的方法57 replace B with Asubstitute A for Btake the place of B with A 用 A 替代 B58 resemblelook likebe similar tobear a resemblance to 像
19、，类似于59 sb makes sense of sthsb understands sth 某人明白某事60 be accessible tohave access tobe available to 可获得的61 be drunk withbe addicted tobe hooked on 沉迷于62 manage to do sthsucceed in doing sth(设法)做成某事63to be honest/frank/stricthonestly/frankly/strictly speaking 坦率地/直白地/严格地说64 be tired/sick ofbe bored
20、 withbe fed up with 对感到厌倦65 have an edge/advantage overbe superior tobe better than 胜过，比强66be consistent withbe in line withcorrespond withagree with 与相一致67 take the place of Abe in place of Areplace A 取代 A68 at your conveniencewhen it is convenient for you 当你方便时69 on ones ownby onselfalone 独自地70 be
21、 aware/conscious ofrealizerecognize 意识到71 be responsible fortake responsibility foranswer for 对负责72in spite of/despite短语though/although/while/as句子 虽然(用 as 要倒装)73 beyond beliefincredibleunbelievable 难以置信的74out of the questionimpossible 不可能的out of questionno problem 没问题75 be unaware offail to noticeov
22、erlookignoreneglect 忽视76 stress/underline/emphasize the importance of sth 强调某事/物的重要性77sth benefits sbsth be beneficial to sbsth be of benefit to sbsb benefits from sth 某人从某事中受益78 make preparations forbe in preparations forprepare for 为做准备79 take an active part in sthtake part in sth actively 积极参加某事7
23、have a positive influence oninfluence sth positively对某物有积极影响80 sth kills sbsth costs sb the lifesth claims ones life 某物杀了某人81 be tired outbe worn outbe exhaustedbe burnt outbe weary 累坏了82 come into being/existenceform/exist 存在，形成83 make ones dream come truerealize/achieve ones dream 实现某人的梦想84 be ove
24、rendput.to an endcome to an end 结束85dont/never doavoid doingkeep away from doing避免做86 be able to do sthbe capable of doing sth 能够做某事87use uprun out of 用光run outgive outbe used up 耗尽88 cause sb to participate in sthinvolve sb in sth 让某人参加某事89A be responsible for BA causes/results in/leads to BA 是 B 的
25、起因90bring about/result in/lead to/contribute to/account for/cause/make for 导致A(2018苏北四市高三第一次调研)Ownership used to be about as straightforward as writing a cheque.If you bought something，you owned it.If you broke it，you fixed it.If you no longer wanted it，you sold it or threw it away.Some firms found
26、ways of squeezing out more profit in the after-sale services，using authorized repair shops，and strategies such as selling cheap printers and expensive ink，which，however，did not challenge the nature of ownership.In the digital age ownership has become more ambiguous.Since the arrival of smart phones，
27、consumers are forced to accept that they do not control the 8software in their devices; they are only licensed to use it.But as more digital devices are springing up， who owns and who controls which objects is becoming a problem.Buyers should be aware that some of their most basic property rights ar
28、e under threat.Needless to say，manufacturers seeking to restrict what owners do with increasingly complex technology have good reasons to protect their copyright，ensure that their machines do not malfunction (发生故障)，maintain environmental standards and prevent hacking.Sometimes companies use their co
29、ntrol over a products software for the owners benefit.When Hurricane Irma hit Florida this month，Tesla，a start-up for electric vehicles，remotely upgraded the software controlling the batteries of some models to give owners more range to escape the storm.The more digital strings(数字串) are attached to
30、goods，the more the balance of control tilts(倾斜) towards producers and away from owners.Already this has given rise to controversy (争议) over owners property rights.Items from smart phones to washing machines have become increasingly hard to fix，meaning that they are thrown away instead of being repai
31、red.Privacy is also at risk.Users were alarmed when it came out that iRobot，a robotic vacuum cleaner，not only cleans the floor but creates a digital map of the homes interior that can then be sold to advertisers though the manufacturer says it has no intention of doing so.Such issues should remind p
32、eople how desperately they ought to protect their property rights.In America this idea has already taken root in the “right to repair” movement.In France appliance-makers must tell buyers how long a device is likely to lasta sign of how repairable it is.Regulators should encourage competition by，for
33、 instance，insisting that independent repair shops have the same access to product information，spare parts and repair tools as manufacturer-owned ones.Ownership is not about to go away，but its meaning is changing.Devices，by and large，are sold on the basis that they empower (授权) people to do what they
34、 9want.To the extent they are controlled by somebody else，that freedom is compromised.答案 1.challenged 根据第一段最后一句中的 challenge 可知答案。2.clear/definite/certain 第二段首句中的 ambiguous 意为模糊的，也就是不清楚、不明确的意思，此处填其反义词。3.threatened 第二段末句“Buyers should be aware that some of their basic property rights are under threat.
35、”中的 under threat 意为处于威胁之中，被威胁。改变形式即可。4.issues 在讨论所有权问题的争议。第五段有 such issues 的出现。5.restrictions 第三段首句“Needless to say，manufacturers seeking to restrict.”的 restrict 改变形式即可。6.favour/interest 第三段中间“Sometimes companies use their control over a products software for the owners benefit.”中的 for ones benefiti
36、n ones favor/interest。7.tends 第四段首句“.the more the balance of control tilts towards producers and away from owners.”中的 tilt towards 意为 tend to 倾向于，往往。8.light 第四段末句“Users were alarmed when it came out that.”中的 come 10outcome to light。9.taken 固定搭配 take action。promised/damaged 第六段末句“.that freedom is com
37、promised”中的原词重现。B(2018通、扬、泰、淮高三三模)We all need to feel understood，recognized and affirmed(证实)by our friends，family and romantic partners.We all need to find our tribe.Research has shown that among the benefits that come with being in a relationship or group，feeling accepted is regarded as the most im
38、portant driver of meaning.When other people think you matter and treat you as if you matter，you believe you matter，too.Though we all share a need to belong，in the first decades of the 20th century，many influential psychologists and physicians did not acknowledge this fundamental aspect of human natu
39、re.The idea that children needed parental love and care to live a full and meaningful life was not only considered medically dangerous，but it was dismissed as immoral and disgusting.As behavioural psychology came into fashion and academic psychologists turned their attention to child-raising，this vi
40、ew shifted and they began to examine and affirm the vital importance of attachment in early life.They discovered that people，whatever their age，needed more than food and shelter to live full and healthy lives.But，sadly，many of us lack close ties.At a time when we are more connected digitally than ev
41、er before，rates of social isolation(孤立)are rising.The results of an Age UK poll published recently suggest that half a million people over the age of 60 usually spend each day alone，and its not unusual for another half a million people to go five or six days without seeing or speaking to someone.All
42、 these figures reveal more than a rise in lonelinessthey reveal a lack of meaning in peoples lives.In surveys，we list our close relationships as our 11most important sources of meaning.Research shows that people who are lonely and isolated feel their lives are less meaningful.While close relationshi
43、ps are critical for living a meaningful life，they are not the only important social bonds we need to cultivate(培养).Psychologists have also discovered the value of small moments of intimacy(亲昵行为).“High-quality connections”，as one researcher calls them，are positive，short-term interactions between two
44、people when a couple holds hands on a walk or when two strangers have an empathetic(移情作用的)conversation on a plane.High-quality connections have the potential to unlock meaning in our interactions with acquaintances，colleagues and strangers.We cant control whether someone will make a high-quality con
45、nection with us，but we can all choose to start one.We can say hello to a stranger on the street rather than look away.We can choose to value people rather than devalue them.We can invite people to belong.Passage outline Supporting detailsEveryone hopes to develop a (1)_ of belonging in a group.The n
46、eed to belongPeoples self-respect is (2)_ by other peoples opinion.Many famous experts in the first decades of the 20th century (4)_ that people had the need to belong.The changing (3)_ to belonging Experts later came to realize that people，regardless of their age，needed (5)_ to enjoy full and healt
47、hy lives.Consequences of (6)_ close tiesMany people are cut off from the world and feel (7)_.People who do not have enough close relationships find their life has less (8)_.12Another way to meet the needHigh-quality connections make a (9)_ in helping satisfy our need to belong.We should (10)_ to mak
48、e a high-quality connection.【语篇解读】 本文是说明文。每个人都想在团体中有归属感，为此我们应该主动建立高质量的社会纽带。1.sense/feeling 根据第一段中的“We all need to find our tribe.”和第二段中的“.in a relationship or group，feeling accepted is regarded as the most important driver of meaning”可知，每个人都想在团体中有归属感。a sense/feeling of belonging “归属感” 。2.influenced/affected/shaped/determined/decided 根据第二段中的“When other people think you matter and treat you as if you matter，you believe you matter，too.”可知，人的自尊受其他人观点的影响，所以空格处用influenced/affected/shaped/determined/decided。3.attitudes 根据第三段中的“The idea that children nee
