2019届高考数学二轮复习中档大题满分练九坐标系与参数方程2019021328.doc

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1、1中档大题满分练 9.坐标系与参数方程中档大题集训练,练就慧眼和规范,筑牢高考满分根基!1.在直角坐标系 xOy 中,将圆 x2+y2=1 上每一点的横坐标保持不变,纵坐标变为原来的 倍,再把所得曲线上每一点向下平移 1 个单位得到曲线 C1.以 O 为极点,以 x 轴的正半轴为极轴建立极坐标系,曲线 C2的极坐标方程是 sin= .(1)写出 C1的参数方程和 C2的直角坐标方程.(2)设点 M 在 C1上,点 N 在 C2上,求使|MN|取最小值时点 M 的直角坐标.【解析】(1)C 1为 x2+ =1,其参数方程为 ( 为参数).C2:原式=sin +cos =2,其直角坐标方程为 x+

2、y-2=0.(2)由(1)可设 M(cos , sin -1),由于 C2是直线,所以|MN|的最小值就是 M 到 C2距3离 d 的最小值.d= = ,|+3-1-2|2当 = 时,d 取最小值,最小值为 .此时 M 的直角坐标为 .3 (12,12)2.在平面直角坐标系 xOy 中,直线 l 的参数方程为 (t 为参数),圆 C的方程为(x-2) 2+(y-1)2=5.以原点 O 为极点,x 轴正半轴为极轴建立极坐标系.(1)求直线 l 及圆 C 的极坐标方程.(2)若直线 l 与圆 C 交于 A,B 两点,求 cosAOB 的值.2【解析】(1)由直线 l 的参数方程 得,其普通方程为 y=x+2,所以直线 l 的极坐标方程为 sin =cos +2.又因为圆 C 的方程为(x-2) 2+(y-1)2=5,将 代入并化简得 =4cos +2sin ,所以圆 C 的极坐标方程为 =4cos +2sin .(2)将直线 l:sin =cos +2,与圆 C:=4cos +2sin 联立,得(4cos +2sin )(sin -cos )=2,整理得 sin cos =3cos 2,所以 = ,或 tan =3.2不妨记点 A 对应的极角为 ,点 B 对应的极角为 ,且 tan =3.2于是,cos AOB=cos =sin = .(2-)

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