1、Y t E MIL-HDBK-273 15 7797770 0018750 5 E C- / 5- 61 M IL- H B distribution is unlimited. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MILHDBK-273- 15 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY NAVAL AIR SYSTEMS COMMAND WASHINGTON, D.C. 20361 Survivability Enhancemen
2、t, Aircraft, Nuclear Weapon Threat, Design and Eva1 uation Guide1 ines 1. This Military Handbook is approved for use by the Naval Air Systems Command, Department of the navy. 2, Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions , deletions) and any pea*entr,-tawhlch mcry fq.? otyse )n-improviqg-this d
3、yment should be addressd%o: 0miiia“niig Officer, Navl Air EngTtfeering enfer, Engineering Specifications and Standards Department (ESSD) Code 93, Lakehurst, NJ 08338b -usclng, the-self .addreFs$d 6t ardi za t i on Document Improvement Prop end of this docu- - r- %. *-. - % Provided by IHSNot for Res
4、aleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-I- MIL-HDBK-273 35 - q777770 0038752 7 = - MIL-HDBK-273 FORE WORD One of the elements of design which significantly contributes to effectiveness and availability of military aircraft Mission-Essential Weapons Systems (MEWS) is t
5、he extent to which combat survivability considerations are embodied in the earl iest acquisition phases and subsequently regarded throughout the development and operational phases of MEWS. The steadily mounting costs of MEWS and the essentiality of realizing high force readiness and operational effe
6、ctiveness require utmost attention be given to combat survivability. The capability of MEWS to survive the nuclear threat environment depends on the accuracy with which the expected threat is predicted and the deliberateness with which combat survivability, as a design and evaluation discipline, is
7、implemented to meet this threat. Each component of every subsystem of MEWS must receive a dedicated survivability consideration to ensure that an integrated weapon system of the highest combat survivability is indeed achieved at an acceptable level in cost and performance. and evaluation methodologi
8、es have been made which provide the potential to substantially (and efficiently) enhance the survivability of existing and future MEWS. Signif i cant advances in survi vabi 1 i ty enhancement teichnologies Since design techniques which are useful in hardening against one particular threat mechanism
9、or effects may also be useful in hardening against another threat mechanism, it is recommended that the design guidelines for all threat mechanisms or effects be examined for the subsystem under cons i dera t i on. aircraft designers for uniform guidelines in design techniques and evaluation methodo
10、logies to be used in the process of enhancing the combat survivability of aircraft MEWS. Since combat survivability is a dynamic design discipline, this handbook will require periodic update to reflect state of the art improvements in design and evaluation techniques and to maintain and enhance its
11、serviceability. Comments and recommendations from users of this handbook are solicited. This handbook has been prepared in recognition of the need by the Navy and Because some nuclear damage mechanisms can have similar effects on aircraft subsystems, the complex interdisciplinary nature of modern ai
12、rcraft subsystems, and the fact that these effects can cause secondary or synergistic effects upon the subsystem, it is recommended that the user of this handbook study the entire document before proceeding with any design efforts. iii Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permi
13、tted without license from IHS-,-,-. . flIL-HDBK-273pL5 U 9944930 0038753 O W MIL-HDBK-273 1 . CONTENTS Paragraph Page 1 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.3 SCOPE . 1 General . 1 New MEWS programs . 1 1 Implementation 1 Application . 1 xi sting MEWS programs 2 . 2.1 2.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2 Issues of documents
14、 . 2 Other pub1 ications 5 3. 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 . 3.1 . 6 3.1.7 3.1.7.1 3.1,7,2 3.2 4. 4 :1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.1 -. 1 4.2.1.2 4,2.1.3 4.2.1.3.1 4.2.1.3.2 4.2.2 4.2.2.1 4.2.2.2 4.2.2.3 4.2.2.4 4.2.2.5 4.2.2.6 DEFINITIONS . 11 Survivability . 11 Vulnerability . 11 11 . Defi ni tions of key
15、terms 11 Vulnerabi 1 i ty reduction Survivability enhancement . 11 Survivability evaluation 11 Mission - Essential weapon systems (MEWS) 11 Threats . 11 Threat mechanisms . 11 Nuclear weapon 11 Def i ni ti ons of acronyms and ab- breviations used in this handbook . 11 . NUCLEAR WEAPON EFFECTS AND BU
16、RST TYPES . 15 General . 15 Blast and shock . 16 Overpressure damage . 16 Shock . 17 Ground shock 17 Nuclear weapon effects 15 Gust damage . 16 Underwater shock 17 Thermal radiation . 17 Fireball temperature 17 Energy quantity . 18 Thermal pulse shape and duration Materi al temperature increase . 19
17、 Rate of temperature increase General effects on materials 19 18 19 iv Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-273 35 W 7977770 0038754 2 W MI L-HD BK-2 7 3 Paragraph 4.2.2.7 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6 4.2.6.1 4.2.6.2 4.2.7 4.2.8 4.2.9
18、4.2.9.1 4.2.10 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 4.5 5 . 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.2.1 5.2.2.2 5.2.2.3 5.2.3 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 . 5.3.4 5.3.5 CONTENTS Continued Page General skin and eye effects Initial radiation . Residual- radiation Flash . Electromagnetic
19、pulse . High .altitude EMP . Low altitude EMP Ejecta. dust. .and debris . Afterwinds Fallout . Decontamination . Blackout Nuclear weapons burst -types . High altitude burst . Air burst . Ground surface burst Shallow underground burst . Water surface burst . Shallow underwater burst Confined subsurfa
20、ce burst .;. Distribution of energy Nuclear radiations . Initial nuclear radiation . Residual nuclear radiation Delayed nuclear radiation . Chronology of events SYSTEM RESPONSES Principal effects . Blast . Gust loading Blast effects on parked aircraft Orientation . Revetments Factors influencing dam
21、age Blast effects on aircraft in flight Thermal radiation . Thin skin and associated effects Effects on composite materials Effects on semi transparent materials . Thermal radiation effects on parked aircraft Thermal radiation effects on . aircraft in flight . 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 23
22、23 23 24 24 25 25 25 26 27 27 27 27 27 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32 33 V Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-NIL-HDBK-273 35 W 9999970 0038755 4 W . MIL-HDBK-273 CONTENTS Continued Paragraph 5.4 5.4.1 . 5.4.2 5.4.3 5.5 5.5.1
23、5.5.2 5.513 6 . 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.7.1 6.7.2 6.7.3 6.7.3.1 6.7.3.2 6.7.3.3 6.7.4 6.7.5 6.8 6.8.1 6.8.2 6.8.3 6.8.4 6.8.5 6.8-6 6.8.7 6.8.8 7 . 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.1.1 Page Nuclear radiation . 33 Gamma radiation . 33- Neutron radiation . 33 Gamma and neutron radiation environments . .; . 34 Elec
24、tromagnetic pulse 34 Skin currents . 34 Coup1 ing . i . 34 Transient effects . 35 SURVIVABILITY DESIGN PROCES 36 Tactics and countermeasures 36 Vulnerability and survivability Balanced survivabi 1 i ty enhancement tradeoff evaluation . 37 MEWS-threat data format. . 40 Threat environment speclficatio
25、n guidel ines 41 Blast . 41 Thermal radiation . 41 Nuclear radiation . 42 Neutrons 42 Gamma rays 42 X-rays 42 Electromagnetic pulse . i . 43 Crew response . 43 Survivabi 1 i ty enhancement trade-offs 43 Suppl ementa1 and secondary hardening benefits 43 Hardeni ng penal ti es . 44 Results summary for
26、mat guidel i nec 44 General objective 45 Trade-off penalties . 45 Penalty 1 imfts . 45 Payload optimization 45 Summary considerations 45 DESIGN GUIDELINES . 47 General 47 Structures 47 Aircraft design state . 47 . Vulnerabi 1 i ty evaluation 36 . relationship 36 . Hardening rationale . 36 vi Provide
27、d by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-L MIL-HDBK-273 15 qVqYq7O 0038756 6 a MI L-HBBK-273 CONTENTS Continued Paragraph Page 7.1.1.2 . Approach 47 7.1.1.3 Pulse duration 47 7.1.1.4 Critical loads 48 . 7.1.1.5 Direct and indirect load paths 48 7.1.1
28、.6, Load transfer points . . 48 7.1.1.7 General structural design techniques 48 7.1.1.8 Desirable design practice . 48 7.1.1.9 Undesirable design practices 50 7.1.1.10.1 Number of wing and empennage spars . 50 7.1.1.10.2 Distribution of the bending material 50 7.1.1.10.3 Type of covers 51 7.1.1.10.5
29、 Discontinuities . 51 7.1.1.11 Gust effects on parked aircraft . 51 7.1.1.11.1 Aircraft tie-downs 51 7.1.1.12 Fail-safe criteria 51 7.1.1.13 Performance effects . 51 7.1.1.14 Aircraft life . 52 7.1.1.15 Design compromise . 52. 7.1.1.16 Related subsystems and considerations 52 7.1.2 Hydraulic subsyst
30、em . 52 7.1.2.1 Hydraulic fluid . 53 7.1.3 Fuel subsystem 54 7.1.3.1. Hydrodynamic ram 54 7.1.3.2 Tank location and construction 54 7.1.3.3 Fuel management . 54 7.1.3.4. Fuel lines 55 7.1.4 Electrical subsystem 55 7.1.5 Flight control subsyst, em 56 7.1.5.1 Control rod routing . 56 7.1.5.2 Power boo
31、sted systems . 56 7.1.5.3 Full power systems 56 7.1.5.4 Fly-by-wire . 56 7.1.6 Environmental control subsystem . 56 7.1.7 Pneumatic subsystem . 57 7.1.7.1 Subsystem components 57 7.1.7.2 . Routing and location 58 7.1.8 Oxygen subsystem 58 7.1.9 Avionics subsystem 58 7.1.10 Liquid cooled avionics 58
32、7.1 . 11 Fire extinguishment subsystem . 58 7.1.1.10 Fatigue design guidelines . 50 7.1.1 .lo 4 Type of major splices . 51 7.1.2.2 System i solation . 53 0 vi i Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-273 35 W 9997970 0038757 W MIL-H
33、DBK-273 CONTENTS Conti nued Paragraph Page. , T. 7.1.12 7.1.13 7.1.14 7.1 .I5 7.1.16 7.1.16.1 7.1.16.2 7.1.16.3 7.1.16.4 7.1.17 7.1.18 7.1.19 7.1.20 7.1.21 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.1.1 7.2.1.2 7.2.1.3 7.2.1 4 7.2.1.5 7.2.1.5.1 7.2.1.5.2 7.2.1.5.3 7.2.1.5.3.1 7.2.1.5,4 7.2.1.5.5 7.2.1.6 7.2.2 7.2.2.1 7.2.2.2 7.
34、2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 7.2.6 7,2.7 7.2.8 7.2.8.1 7.2.9 7.2.10 7.2.10.1 7.2.11 7.2.12 7.2.13 7.2.14 Aircrew escape subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . 59 Landing gear subsystem . . . . . . . , . . . , . . . . . . . 59 : 1 59 : * Arresting gear Catapult launch hook . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . .
35、 . . . . . 59 - z- Propulsion subsystem . , . +. , . . . . . , .-. ,. . -., . . 59 . Design integration . . . . . . . . ., . , . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Sensors 60 Actuation devices . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . . . 60 - Other duct effects .tI;, .,., 60 : Radar absorbent material .C.l 60 Optical fiber
36、 designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 External stores attachments , 61 -. - Synergistic effects . . . . , . . . . . . ,. . . , . . . . . . .: 61 - . Thermal hardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . :. . . . . . . . . . -, 61- Structures- 6-1.- -1 Thermal flux variation . , . , . . . . , . . . . . . . , .
37、 . . 61 Ini tia1 temperature . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . 62: Absorbance reduction . . . . . . . . . . 62 . . Weight penalty . . . , . . , . . , . . , . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 62 Compos tes . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3 Skin and structure junct
38、ures . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 . . Fi brous composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Sandwich and honeycomb materi-als . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Thermal properties . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . Radomes . . . 63 . - . Semitransparent materials .; , 63 . . Coating qu
39、al i ty control . . . . . . , ; . . . . . . , . . 64- . . Fuel subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i . , . . . . . . . . 64 Fuel management . . . . . , , . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Electrical subsystem 64 Flight control subsystem . . . . . . . . . . 65 Pneumatic subsystem . . . . . . .
40、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Avionics subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Aircrew escape subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Aircrew habitations . 65 Survival equipment . , , . . . . . . , , . , . . . , . . . . . 65 Oxygen subsystem . . . . . . , . . . . . . .
41、. . . . . . . . . 66 Landing gear subsystem , . 66 Arresting hook subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Radar absorbent material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Canopy seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :. . . . . . 66 RF gaskets 66 _: Radomes . ,. 67 External antennas
42、 . 60 + . 63 . . Liquid containing subsystems 64. - . - viii Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-273 35 W 9333370 0038758 T W Paragraph 7.2.15 7.2.15.1 7.2.15.1.1 7.2.15.1.2 7.2.15.1.3 7.2.15.2 7.2.16 7.2.17 7.2.18 7.2.19 7.2;20
43、7.3 7.3.1 7.3.1.1 7.3.1.2 7.3.1.3 7.3.2 7.3.2.1 7.3.2.1.1 7.3.2.1.2 7.3.2.1.3 7.3.2.2 7.3.2.3 7.3.2.4 7.3.2.5 7.3.2.6 7.3.2.6.1 7.3.2.6.2 7.3.2.6.2.1 7.3.2.6.2.2 7.3.2.6.2.3 7.3.2.6.2.4 7.3.2.6.2.5 7.3.2.6.2.6 7.3.2.6.2.7 e 7.3.2.6.2.8 7.3.2.7 7.3.2.7.1 7.3.2.7.1.1 7.3.2.7.1.2 7.3.2.7.1.3 7.3.2.7.1.
44、4 7.3.2.7.1.5 7.3.2.7.1.6 M I L- HD BK- 2 7 3 CONTENTS Continued Page Aircrew . 67 Skin burns 67 Skin burn types . 67 Skin burn classification 67 Energy required to produce skin burns . 68 Aircrew protection 68 Helicopter rotor hubs . 69 Helicopter blades . 69 Electro-optical and IR sensors 69 Signa
45、ture reduction coatings 69 Thermal insulation 70 Nuclear radiations 70 General characteristics . 70 General TREE characteristics 90 Equipments affected . 70 Types of effects 70 Avionics subsystem 71 Solid-state devices . 71 Atomic displacement effects . 71 Fast-neutron fluence effects 71 Gamma radia
46、tion effects . 71 Intrinsic hardening . 72 Recovery time . 72 Burnout 72 . Transistor minimum beta . 72 Gamma dose rate 72 Circuit response 73 Component selection criteria I . 73 Diodes 73 Transistors . 73 Integrated circuits . 74 Uni junction transistors . 74 Si 1 i con-control 1 ed recti f i ers .
47、 74 Purchased subassemblies . 74 Special electronic devices 75 Preferred parts list 1 . 75 Neutron fluence . 75 Component selection criteria 75 Diodes . 75 Transistors . I . 75 Integrated circuits . 76 Silicon-controlled rectifiers . 76 Field-effect transistors 76 Hybrids and special subassemblies .
48、 76 ix Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBKi273 15-W q777770 001e757 MI L7HDEK-27 3 CONTENTS ant,! nue Los AngdGs,.CA, 8. Aprl Fz 197.1. (Sh: .- Personnel Ri sk and Casualty.Cri,terfa for Nucl ear. Weapons- Effects, U, S, Army Com
49、bat Deve1opment.Command I Fn-sti-tute of Nuclear Studies, Electromagnet i c Pul se-.Hand b0ok for 441iSs i 1 es ,and-.:Ai maTt In F1 i gh t , . AFWL- TR 7368-, Air .Force! Weapons- Laboratory; Septemberr :197/2. Oberhol tzer; J ; Eva1uatiotlQf- El ectmmagnati c Fi eld. Penetrations - Through B1 Apertures- and .Gaps, FinakBReport-; .RoEkwell -: In
