1、NEMA Standards PublicationNational Electrical Manufacturers AssociationNEMA EWS 1-2016Increasing Energy Efficiency in Urban Water Systems Summary ReportNEMA Strategic Initiative Increasing Energy Efficiency in Urban Water Systems Summary Report National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 Nort
2、h 17th Street, Suite 900 Rosslyn, VA 22209 March 2016 2016 National Electrical Manufacturers Association ii Executive Summary The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) represents electrical equipment and medical imaging manufacturers and is headquartered in Rosslyn, Virginia. Nearly 4
3、00 Members strong, its companies manufacture a diverse set of products including power transmission and distribution equipment, lighting systems, factory automation and control systems, and medical diagnostic imaging systems. Total U.S. shipments for electro-industry products exceed $100 billion ann
4、ually. NEMA funded a Strategic Initiative related to the relationship of electricity and water in urban water systems. It sought to: quantify the effectiveness and electrical efficiency of equipment in facilities representative of the U.S. urban water supplys delivery and treatment systems analyze t
5、he market potential to improve performance by using NEMA Member products. reevaluate the viability of applying energy savings performance contract (ESPC) practices to finance modernization upgrades This report presents the analysis and conclusions. Notable Findings of the Study During interviews wit
6、h NEMA Members, the study team learned that product manufacturers have little to no interaction with end users; products are bought on spec and installation quality/accuracy varies in the field. Likewise, specifier and end-user knowledge on new products, systems, software, and additional options (e.
7、g., metering) is highly variable. Survey and analytical outreach revealed that end users want training and education, for reasons such as aging/new workforce and desire to gain knowledge about the full range of potential new solutions. The survey taught us that most utilities have convoluted design/
8、permitting/ purchasing/installation practices and policies, making “selling modernization” to them difficult. While data about energy savings potential from modern equipment is very interesting, having more NEMA productrelated energy savings data may not impact utility purchasing. Future NEMA/Member
9、 resource allocations should be optimized in training and education of utilities and their associations. 2016 National Electrical Manufacturers Association iii 2015 Studys Summary1 Conclusions/Recommendations NEMA should: Develop programs and tools to assist agency and facility staff, because water
10、agencies lack the analytic capacity and/or staff resources to perform certain energy-related evaluations. Establish a water sector-focus group of water-related associations, facility officials and managers/operators to assist in targeting the most important water-related topics and infrastructure ne
11、eds. Get more involved and maintain a consistent presence in water-related associations, non-governmental organizations, and advocacy groups to increase awareness of NEMA member products, solutions, and services. Facilitate the identification and organization of innovative funding approaches into mo
12、re holistic portfolios for agencies that leverage energy services companies (ESCOs), public and private dollars, and energy utility incentives. Continue to fund, independently or in collaboration with other water-related organizations, the demonstration of technologies, best practices, and other typ
13、es of energy-savings strategies, disseminating the results at water conferences, industry publications, and webinars. 1 Detailed conclusions and recommendations are in the full written report 2016 National Electrical Manufacturers Association iv Abstract Urban water systems throughout the country re
14、ly on energy-consuming technologies to develop, transport, treat, and deliver billions of gallons of water to end users. Over the years, the energy efficiency and performance of these technologies has improved significantly, potentially reducing costs, improving reliability, and providing operationa
15、l flexibility for system managers. Despite these potential benefits, the water sector has been slow to adopt these new and innovative devices. In response, the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) selected GEI Consultants, Inc. (GEI) and its partners (the Alliance for Water Efficienc
16、y and M.Cubed) to assess and identify new strategies and approaches to support the advancement of energy efficiency in urban water supply systems. The study team accomplished this by analyzing available information regarding the application of energy-efficient technologies in water systems and the f
17、inancing mechanisms used to fund these improvements. The team also engaged industry and water agency representatives through interviews and surveys to obtain more agency-specific information. Responses and available literature were analyzed to determine the extent of the current market penetration a
18、nd the potential for further adoption. GEIs team also evaluated the viability of energy savings performance contract (ESPC) practices, government grants, and other financing mechanisms to finance modernization and system upgrades. The literature review resulted in the compilation of a significant am
19、ount of information and data produced from numerous studies and projects over more than 20 years of efforts. The studies identified how systems operate, where energy is used most, and where opportunity exists to apply the best management strategies to improve the energy performance of these systems.
20、 The survey was distributed to more than 3,000 water agency representatives nationwide. These respondents represented a regionally diverse set of water agencies and provided meaningful insights into the level of interest in energy efficiency, institutional and financial challenges to advancing effic
21、iency in these water systems, and possible steps that can be taken to overcome them. The study team determined that significant energy-efficiency savings potential exists within the urban water systems and that ESPCs are a viable business model to secure available funds to implement improvement proj
22、ects. Results from this study will inform future collaborations between NEMA members and water utilities as well as the development of plans with measurable outcomes that advance the energy efficiency of urban water supply systems. 2016 National Electrical Manufacturers Association v Table of Conten
23、ts 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Study Approach 2 1.1.1 Literature and Information Review 2 1.1.2 Urban Water Supplier Survey 3 1.1.3 Assessing Energy Efficiency Potential 4 2. Urban Water Supply Systems 5 2.1 Energy Intensity of Water Systems 9 2.2 Best Energy Management Practices for Water Systems 10 2.3
24、Available Funding 13 2.3.1 New Funding Opportunities 14 3. Urban Water System Efficiency Survey 15 3.1 Survey Preparation 15 3.1.1 Input for Survey Development 15 3.2 Urban Water Supplier Survey Instrument 17 3.2.1 Respondents Informal Feedback 18 3.2.2 Approval Barrier to Utility Procurement of Ene
25、rgy Efficient Equipment 19 4. Market Potential for Electricity Efficiency in Urban Water Systems 21 This section is available as a separate NEMA white paper 21 5. Use of Performance Contracts for Advancing Efficiency in Water Infrastructure 22 This section is available as a separate NEMA white paper
26、 22 Appendix A: References Other appendices available separately: Glossary of Terms Used in the Water Sector Acronyms and Abbreviations 2016 National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1 1. Introduction Americans rely on extensive infrastructure systems to develop, treat, and deliver water supplie
27、s for their various needs. Operators of these water supply systems are facing an increasing number of challenges in the United States with respect to water supply system reliability, maintaining its quality, and containing costs, including: more stringent drinking water standards and treatment requi
28、rements rising energy demands associated with the development, treatment, and overall system operation associated with various water suppliers aging infrastructure that impacts operational reliability and flexibility non-technical barriers such as lack of funding to optimize energy use and achieve e
29、nergy efficiency significant reductions in operating revenue from declining customer sales, which impact a water suppliers ability to be progressive In its 2013 Report Card for American Infrastructure, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) assessed drinking water systems in our country at a
30、 “D” grade, stating that “(a)t the dawn of the 21st century, much of our drinking water infrastructure is nearing the end of its useful life.”2 Although the quality of drinking water in the U.S. remains high, the American Water Works Association (AWWA) estimates that $1 trillion in infrastructure in
31、vestments is needed to ensure continued reliability and quality over the coming decades. Much of this investment is required to replace pipes and mains, but because the cost of energy is a significant portion of a utilitys operational budget, investing in more energy-efficient technology can help lo
32、wer ongoing expenses. As part of its strategic initiative to advance energy efficiency in urban water supply systems, NEMA, supported by GEI Consultants, Inc., seeks to understand the current conditions and opportunities to facilitate this advancement. This initiative has three primary goals: Assess
33、 the current effectiveness and efficiency of equipment in facilities representative of the U.S. urban water supplys delivery and treatment systems. Analyze the market potential to improve performance by using more energy efficient products. Evaluate the viability of applying energy savings performan
34、ce contract (ESPC)3 practices to finance modernization upgrades. 2 American Society of Civil Engineers (2013) “2013 Report Card for Americas Infrastructure,” ISBN (PDF): 978-0-7844-7883-7. 3 Energy savings performance contracts are a financing mechanism used by energy service companies to make energ
35、y-efficiency upgrades to facilities on behalf of the owner which are then paid for using money resulting 2016 National Electrical Manufacturers Association 2 The study team conducted three primary tasks as part of this project: an extensive investigation of available information and literature on th
36、e status of energy efficiency efforts and best practices by urban water suppliers in the U.S., a survey of water supply utilities regarding their past efforts to improve the efficiency of their systems and level of current interest in increased energy efficiency opportunities, and an analysis of the
37、 use of energy services companies (ESCOs) to advance energy efficiency and ways in which this model is or can be used by water utilities. Additionally, the study team compiled available information on current water infrastructure funding needs and programs available to water utilities to support sys
38、tem improvements; repairs; expansions; and retrofits, including those for improved energy efficiency. The team also interviewed several NEMA members to gain an understanding of the current level of engagement and information exchange between manufacturers of energy efficient equipment and the water
39、utilities that use it. The results of this work are presented in this report. 1.1 Study Approach 1.1.1 Literature and Information Review A literature review was conducted as part of this project to obtain a critical understanding of the current level of energy efficiency in the urban water supply sy
40、stems and the extent to which emerging advanced efficiency technologies have been applied. The compiled literature provides an extensive bibliography of resources available to the study team to support NEMAs strategic initiative. Relevant literature included peer-reviewed publications, research repo
41、rts, white papers, technical conference presentations, agency fact sheets, and case studies. Using the defined strategic goals and objectives of the initiative, the research team employed a methodology to identify and compile relevant resources. The team: Identified key search terms related to urban
42、 water supply systems and designs, optimization and energy efficiency, water infrastructure financing, and energy service providers. Used standard internet search engines. Considered documents that were in English, readily available electronically via internet, and at no cost. Reconsidered terms and
43、 will periodically revise, refine, and update as needed. Critically reviewed/analyzed materials to determine relevance to the defined goal and objective: from the energy savings. For more information see: energy.gov/eere/slsc/energy-savings-performance-contracting. 2016 National Electrical Manufactu
44、rers Association 3 o Focus of the documents o Scope of the study or analyses o Findings/results Compiled the results in a spreadsheet Reviewed literature was publicly available, supplemented by contributions from the NEMA Working Group and internal knowledge of the research team. In this case, “publ
45、icly available research” was interpreted to mean that the research is easily accessed by the public and is not confidential. These constraints ensure that research that is obscure, too narrowly focused, overly technical, or purely in the conceptual phases of research are not included. 1.1.2 Urban Wa
46、ter Supplier Survey The project team accumulated a comprehensive list of qualified prospective respondents for the survey. Specifically, the team targeted urban water utility professionals who would be adequately informed about the systems energy-related costs and have an interest in increasing syst
47、em efficiency. These individuals would likely be in upper management roles in the Operations department of the utility, but may also hold positions including the following, depending on the size of the system: General Manager Engineer Distribution System Manager Water Loss Control Supervisor Mainten
48、ance Supervisor Environmental Services Manager Water Conservation Manager Starting with the list of the Alliance for Water Efficiencys 219 member water utilities, the team requested contact information for the right individuals to respond to the survey. The team also conducted research to compile a
49、list of all medium to large systems throughout the U.S. to capture the major water suppliers from each state and to ensure geographic diversity. Where contact information was not available, the project team called each utility to request an appropriate contact to complete the survey. The result was a list of 92 individuals. To this growing list of potential respondents, the project team added approximately 2,800 managers and consultants working on utility distribution systems and water los
