1、Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association. All Rights Reserved.NFPA1581Standard onFire Department Infection Control Program2015 EditionThis edition of NFPA 1581, Standard on Fire Department Infection Control Program, was pre-pared by the Technical Committee on Fire Service Occupational Saf
2、ety and Health. It wasissued by the Standards Council on November 11, 2014, with an effective date of December 1,2014, and supersedes all previous editions. This edition of NFPA 1581 was approved as anAmerican National Standard on December 1, 2014.Origin and Development of NFPA 1581In many fire depa
3、rtments, the majority of responses are emergency medical service (EMS)-related. The need for a proactive infection control policy and program is paramount inworking in this environment, as members come in contact with potentially infectious victimsor other persons in both emergency and nonemergency
4、settings. It is also crucial that thosefire departments that do not provide emergency medical services have a proactive infectioncontrol program. Given the variety of situations that fire departments are called to, includingdomestic violence, hazardous materials releases, and even routine structural
5、 fires, the poten-tial for infection of a fire department member exists.This document was developed to provide requirements for infection control practices.The requirements were developed to be compatible with guidelines and regulations from theU.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the U.S. Dep
6、artment of Health and HumanServices that apply to public safety and emergency response personnel. The first edition of thedocument was issued in 1992.In the 1995 edition, revisions addressed decontamination of equipment and apparatus,clean areas for equipment to be stored, and living quarters for pe
7、rsonnel, as well as therelationship of these subject areas to the overall health and safety of members.In the 2000 edition, CDC requirements, the relationship with the medical control facility,recordkeeping requirements, and information on disease information for emergency re-sponders were updated.T
8、he 2005 edition was a complete revision to reorganize the document in compliance withthe Manual of Style for NFPATechnical Committee Documents. Information on immunizations andinfectious diseases was updated and material on members that decline immunization wasmoved from the annex to become requirem
9、ents. The chapter on fire department apparatuswas rewritten to use the term “vehicles used to transport patients” rather than the term“ambulance” and appropriate requirements previously referenced to GSA Federal Specifica-tion KKK-A-1822E were included in the standard. The table of disease informati
10、on for emer-gency response personnel was updated to include some of the bioterrorism agents.In the 2010 edition of the document, definitions were revised to clarify terminology andthe revised terminology reflected as appropriate throughout the document. References andrequirements were updated to mat
11、ch the latest CDC guidelines, requirements were reorga-nized into a more logical order, and emphasis was added on providing for and use of handwashing facilities to prevent contamination and spread of disease. The requirement for place-ment of PPE and station work uniform cleaning equipment, as well
12、 as tool and equipmentcleaning, was clarified. The requirements for frequency of cleaning and decontamination ofPPE were changed to reference NFPA 1851. Additional requirements were added on cleaningnon-contaminated laundry. The revisions clarified the treatment of meningococcal diseaseand recognize
13、d methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as an emerging problemand provided guidance on dealing with it.15811NFPA and National Fire Protection Association are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts 02169.For the 2015 edition, the committe
14、e has updated several of the requirements to bring the document in line with the RyanWhite HIV/AIDS Treatment Extension Act of 2009. The committee also has made changes based on the efficacy of liquidsoap versus bar soap, specifically that liquid soap is preferred over bar soap because liquid soap i
15、s less likely to harborinfectious diseases than bar soap. Other updates are to the definitions relating to pathogens to bring them in line with theRyan White HIV/AIDS Treatment ExtensionAct of 2009. Other changes are based on an increase in the spread of infectiousdiseases as well as an increase in
16、the prevalence of some infectious diseases. The committee also included changes to reflectNFPA 1917, Standard forAutomotive Ambulances, as it relates to controlling the spread of infectious diseases to providers andoccupants in ambulances. Additional changes ensure that members use respirators of at
17、 least N-95 for protection againstaerosolized pathogens. Also included is having the infection control officer be a consultant with the fire departmentphysician regarding the possibility of imposing restrictions on fire department members who might present a risk ofspreading infectious diseases to o
18、thers.15812 FIRE DEPARTMENT INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAM2015 EditionTechnical Committee on Fire Service Occupational Safety and HealthRandy J. Krause, ChairPort of Seattle Fire Department, WA EMurrey E. Loflin, Nonvoting SecretaryNational Institute for Occupational Safety a patient compartment to accom
19、modate an emergencymedical services provider (EMSP) and one patient located onthe primary cot so positioned that the primary patient can begiven emergency care during transit; equipment and suppliesfor emergency care at the scene as well as during transport;safety, comfort, and avoidance of aggravat
20、ion of the patientsinjury or illness; two-way radio communication; and audibleand visual traffic warning devices. 1917, 20133.3.2 Blood. Human blood, human blood components, andproducts made from human blood.3.3.3 Body Fluids. Fluids that the body produces including,but not limited to, blood, semen,
21、 mucus, feces, urine, vaginalsecretions, breast milk, amniotic fluids, cerebrospinal fluid,synovial fluid, pericardial fluid, sputum, saliva, and any otherfluids that might contain pathogens.3.3.4 Cleaning. The physical removal of dirt and debris,which generally is accomplished with soap and water a
22、ndphysical scrubbing.3.3.5 Cleaning Gloves. Multipurpose gloves, not for emer-gency patient care, that provide a barrier against body fluids,cleaning fluids, and disinfectants and limited physical protec-tion to the wearer.3.3.6 Contaminated. The presence or the reasonably antici-pated presence of b
23、lood, body fluids, or other potentially in-fectious materials on an item or surface.3.3.7 Contaminated Sharps. Any contaminated object thatcan penetrate the skin including, but not limited to, needles,lancets, scalpels, broken glass, jagged metal, or other debris.3.3.8 Decontamination. The use of ph
24、ysical or chemicalmeans to remove, inactivate, or destroy bloodborne, airborne,or foodborne pathogens on a surface or item to the pointwhere they are no longer capable of transmitting infectiousparticles and the surface or item is rendered safe for handling,use, or disposal.3.3.9*Disinfection. The p
25、rocess used to inactivate virtually allrecognized pathogenic microorganisms but not necessarily allmicrobial forms, such as bacterial endospore.3.3.10 Emergency Medical Services. The treatment of pa-tients, using first aid, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, basic lifesupport, advanced life support, and
26、 other medical protocolsprior to arrival at a hospital or other health care facility.3.3.11* Engineering Controls. Physical features or mechanicalprocesses within fixed facilities or vehicles that are imple-mented to improve efficiency, safety, or comfort associatedwith their operation or use.3.3.12
27、 Environmental Surface. Interior patient care areas,both stationary and in vehicles, and other surfaces not de-signed for intrusive contact with the patient or contact withmucosal tissue.3.3.13 Exposure.3.3.13.1 Infectious Exposure. A specific eye, mouth, othermucous membrane, non-intact skin, or pa
28、renteral contactwith blood, body fluids, or other potentially infectious ma-terial; inhalation of airborne pathogens; or ingestion offoodborne pathogens or toxins.3.3.13.2 Occupational Exposure. An infectious exposurethat resulted from performance of a members duties.3.3.14 Eyewear. See 3.3.53, Spla
29、sh-Resistant Eyewear.3.3.15 Face Protection Devices. An item of emergency medi-cal protective clothing that is designed and configured to pro-vide barrier protection to the wearers eyes or face, or both.3.3.16 Facility Fire Brigade. An organized group of employ-ees at a facility who are knowledgeabl
30、e, trained, and skilled inat least basic fire-fighting operations, and whose full-time oc-cupation might or might not be the provision of fire suppres-sion and related activities for their employer. 600, 201515817DEFINITIONS2015 Edition3.3.17 Fire Apparatus. A vehicle designed to be used underemerge
31、ncy conditions to transport personnel and equipment,and to support the suppression of fires and mitigation of otherhazardous situations. 1901, 20093.3.18* Fire Department. An organization providing rescue,fire suppression, emergency medical services, special opera-tions, and related services.3.3.19*
32、 FireDepartment Facility. Any building or area owned,operated, occupied, or used by a fire department on a routinebasis. 1500, 20133.3.20 Fire Department Member. See 3.3.37, Member.3.3.21 Fluid-Resistant Clothing. Clothing worn for the pur-pose of isolating parts of the wearers body from contact wit
33、hbody fluids.3.3.22 Garment. The coat, trouser, or coverall elements ofthe protective ensemble designed to provide minimum pro-tection to the upper and lower torso, arms, and legs, exclud-ing the head, hands, and feet.3.3.23 Handwashing Facility. A facility providing an adequatesupply of running pot
34、able water, liquid soap, and single-usetowels or hot-air drying machines.3.3.24* Health and Safety Officer. The member of the firedepartment assigned and authorized by the fire chief as themanager of the safety and health program. 1500, 20133.3.25 Health Data Base. A compilation of records and datat
35、hat relates to the health experience of a group of individualsand is maintained in a manner such that it is retrievable forstudy and analysis over a period of time. 1500, 20133.3.26 Hepatitis.3.3.26.1 HBV. Hepatitis B virus.3.3.26.2 HCV. Hepatitis C Virus.3.3.27 HIV. Human immunodeficiency virus.3.3
36、.28 Immunization. The process or procedure by which aperson is rendered immune.3.3.29 Infection. The state or condition in which the body ora part of it is invaded by a pathogenic agent (microorganismor virus) that, under favorable conditions, multiplies and pro-duces effects that are injurious.3.3.
37、30 Infection Control Officer. The person or personswithin the fire department who are responsible for managingthe department infection control program and for coordinat-ing efforts surrounding the investigation of an exposure.3.3.31* Infection Control Program. The fire departments for-mal policy and
38、 implementation of procedures relating to thecontrol of infectious and communicable disease hazards whereemployees, patients, or the general public could be exposed toblood, body fluids, or other potentially infectious materials in thefire department work environment. 1500, 20133.3.32* Kitchen. An a
39、rea designated for storage, preparation,cooking, and serving of food for members.3.3.33 Leakproof Bags. Bags that are sufficiently sturdy toprevent tearing or breaking and can be sealed securely to pre-vent leakage and that are red in color or display the universalbiohazard symbol.3.3.34 Mask. A dev
40、ice designed to limit exposure of the na-sal, oral, respiratory, or mucosal membranes to airbornepathogens.3.3.35* Medical Gloves. Single-use patient examinationgloves that are designed to provide barrier protection againstbody fluids to the wearers hand and wrist.3.3.36 Medical Waste. Items to be d
41、isposed of that have beencontaminated with human waste, blood, or body fluids, or hu-man waste, human tissue, blood, or body fluids for which spe-cial handling precautions are necessary.3.3.37* Member. A person involved in performing the dutiesand responsibilities of a fire department under the ausp
42、ices ofthe organization. 1500, 20133.3.38 Mucous Membrane. A moist layer of tissue that linesthe mouth, eyes, nostrils, vagina, anus, or urethra.3.3.39 Needle. A slender, usually sharp, pointed instrumentused for puncturing tissues, suturing, drawing blood, or pass-ing a ligature around a vessel.3.3
43、.40 Parenteral. Piercing of the mucous membranes or theskin barrier due to such events as needle sticks, human bites,cuts, and abrasions.3.3.41* Pathogens. Microorganisms such as bacteria, a virus,or a fungus that is capable of causing disease.3.3.41.1 Aerosolized Airborne Transmission. Person-to-pe
44、rson transmission of an infectious agent by an aerosol ofsmall particles able to remain airborne for long periods oftime.3.3.41.2* Aerosolized Droplet Transmission. Person-to-person transmission of an infectious agent by large particlesable to remain airborne for only short periods of time.3.3.41.3*
45、 Bioterrorism or Biologic Warfare Agents. Biologicalagents and toxins that have the potential to pose a severethreat to human health and that can be used for or adaptedfor bioterrorist attacks.3.3.41.4* Contact and Body Fluid Exposures. Person-to-person transmission of an infectious agent through di
46、rector indirect contact with an infected persons blood orother bodily fluids.3.3.42 Patient. An individual, living or dead, whose body flu-ids, tissues, or organs could be a source of exposure to themember.3.3.43* Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Specializedclothing or equipment worn by a member
47、 for protectionagainst a hazard.3.3.44 Pocket Mask. A double-lumen device that is portable,pocket-size, and designed to protect the emergency care pro-vider from direct contact with the mouth/lips or body fluids ofa patient while performing artificial respiration.3.3.45 Post-Exposure Prophylaxis. Ad
48、ministration of a medi-cation to prevent development of an infectious disease follow-ing known or suspected exposure to that disease.3.3.46 Potentially Infectious Materials. Any body fluid that isvisibly contaminated with blood; all body fluids in situationswhere it is difficult or impossible to dif
49、ferentiate between bodyfluids; sputum, saliva, and other respiratory secretions; andany unfixed tissue or organ from a living or dead human.15818 FIRE DEPARTMENT INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAM2015 Edition3.3.47* Protective Ensemble. Multiple elements of compliantprotective clothing that when worn together can reduce, butnot eliminate, the health and safety risks of emergency inci-dent operations.3.3.48 Regulated Waste. Liquid or semi-liquid blood, bodyfluids, or other potentially infectious materials; contaminateditems that would release blood, body fluids, or other
