1、PAS 136:2007Terminology for nanomaterialsICS 01.040.71; 71.100.99NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWPUBLICLY AVAILABLE SPECIFICATIONPublishing and copyright informationThe BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.
2、BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 580 61321 0Publication historyFirst published December 2007Amendments issued since publicationAmd. no. Date Text affectedPAS 136:2007 BSI 2007 iPAS 136:2007ContentsForeword iiiIntroduction 11 Scope 12 General 23 Molecular entities 44 Structural entities 45 Synthesized materials 56
3、 Production of raw material 67 Production of constructed material 7Bibliography 9Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 9 and a back cover.PAS 136:2007ii BSI 2007 This page deliberately left blank BSI 2007 iiiPAS 136:2007ForewordPublis
4、hing informationThis Publicly Available Specification (PAS) has been commissioned by the UK Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills (DIUS) and developed through the British Standards Institution (BSI). It came into effect on 31 December 2007.Acknowledgement is given to the following organ
5、izations that were involved in the development of this terminology: Cambridge University; Cytec;Ionbond;NanoCentral; National Physical Laboratory; ONE NorthEast.In addition, acknowledgement is given to the contributions of those that commented, including BSI Technical Committee NTI/1, Nanotechnologi
6、es, the working groups of ISO Technical Committee ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies, and other organizations and experts.BSI retains ownership and copyright of this PAS. BSI reserves the right to withdraw or amend this PAS on receipt of authoritative advice that it is appropriate to do so. This PAS will
7、be reviewed at intervals not exceeding two years, and any amendments arising from the review will be published as an amended PAS and publicized in Update Standards.This PAS is not to be regarded as a British Standard. It will be withdrawn upon publication of its content in, or as, a British Standard
8、.The PAS process enables a specification to be rapidly developed in order to fulfil an immediate need in industry. A PAS may be considered for further development as a British Standard, or constitute part of the UK input into the development of a European or International Standard.Relationship with
9、other publicationsThis PAS is issued as part of a suite of nanotechnology terminology PASs: PAS 71, Vocabulary Nanoparticles; PAS 131, Terminology for medical, health and personal care applications of nanotechnologies; PAS 132, Terminology for the bio-nano interface; PAS 133, Terminology for nanosca
10、le measurement and instrumentation; PAS 134, Terminology for carbon nanostructures; PAS 135, Terminology for nanofabrication; PAS 136, Terminology for nanomaterials.PAS 136:2007iv BSI 2007PAS 131 to PAS 136 include terms the definitions for which differ to those given in PAS 71:2005, which was publi
11、shed a few years earlier. These differences are the result of further reflection and debate and reflect consensus within the PAS steering groups. Until PAS 71:2005 can be revised to incorporate these changes, it is intended that the terms in PAS 131 to PAS 136 take precedence over PAS 71:2005.This s
12、uite of PASs acknowledges the standards development work being conducted by BSI Technical Committee NTI/1, Nanotechnologies, ISO TC/229, Nanotechnologies, IEC/TC 113, Nanotechnology standardization for electrical and electronic products and systems, and CEN/TC 352, Nanotechnologies. Attempts have be
13、en made to align the definitions in these PASs with the definitions being developed by these committees, particularly the draft ISO/TS 27687, Terminology and definitions for nanoparticles. However, as the work of these committees is at a development stage, complete alignment has not been possible in
14、 every instance.Contractual and legal considerationsThis publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a Publicly Available Specification cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. BSI 2007 1P
15、AS 136:2007IntroductionMany authorities predict that applications of nanotechnologies will ultimately pervade virtually every aspect of life and will enable dramatic advances to be realized in most areas of communication, health, manufacturing, materials and knowledge-based technologies. Even if thi
16、s is only partially true, there is an obvious need to provide industry and research with suitable tools to assist the development, application and communication of the technologies. One essential tool in this armoury will be the harmonization of the terminology and definitions used in order to promo
17、te their common understanding and consistent usage.This terminology includes terms that are either specific to the sector covered by the title or are used with a specific meaning in the field of nanotechnology. It is one of a series of terminology PASs covering many different aspects of nanotechnolo
18、gies.This terminology attempts not to include terms that are used in a manner consistent with a definition given in the Oxford English Dictionary 1, and terms that already have well established meanings and to which the addition of the prefix “nano” changes only the scale to which they apply but doe
19、s not otherwise change their meaning.The multidisciplinary nature of nanotechnologies can lead to confusion as to the precise meaning of some terms because of differences in usage between disciplines. Users are advised that, in order to support the standardization of terminology, this PAS provides s
20、ingle definitions wherever possible.1 ScopeThis Publicly Available Specification (PAS) lists terms and definitions used in or associated with the naming, describing and manufacture of nanomaterials.It is applicable to, though not limited to, elemental, compound, organic, inorganic, metallic, ceramic
21、, polymeric and oxide materials with nanostructural features including nano-crystallinity, nano-porosity, nano-reinforcement and deliberately produced nano-topography.This PAS is intended for use by technologists, regulators, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), consumer organizations, members of
22、the public and others with an interest in the application or use of nanomaterials.PAS 136:20072 BSI 20072General2.1 agglomeratecollection of loosely bound particles or aggregates or mixtures of the two where the resulting external surface area is similar to the sum of the surface areas of the indivi
23、dual componentsNOTE The forces holding an agglomerate together are weak forces, for example van der Waals forces, as well as simple physical entanglement.ISO/TS 276871)2.2 aggregateparticle comprising strongly bonded or fused particles where the resulting external surface area may be significantly s
24、maller than the sum of calculated surface areas of the individual componentsNOTE The forces holding an aggregate together are strong forces, for example covalent bonds, or those resulting from sintering or complex physical entanglement.ISO/TS 276871)2.3 mesoporouspossessing pores with at least one d
25、imension between 2 nm to 50 nmNOTE The term nanoporous is preferred to mesoporous.2.4 nanomaterialmaterial having one or more external dimensions in the nanoscale or which is nanostructuredNOTE Nanomaterials can exhibit properties that differ from those of the same material without nanoscale feature
26、s.2.5 nano-objectdiscrete piece of material with one or more external dimensions in the nanoscaleNOTE This is a generic term for all nanoscale objects.ISO/TS 276871)2.6 nanoparticlenano-object with all three external dimensions in the nanoscaleNOTE If the lengths of the longest and the shortest axes
27、 of the nano-object differ significantly (typically by more than three times) the terms nanorod or nanoplate are intended to be used instead of the term nanoparticle.ISO/TS 276871)2.7 nanoporouspossessing pores with at least one dimension in the nanoscaleNOTE The term nanoporous is preferred to meso
28、porous.1)In preparation. BSI 2007 3PAS 136:20072.8 nanoscalesize range from approximately 1 nm to 100 nmNOTE 1 Properties that are not extrapolations from larger size will typically, but not exclusively, be exhibited in this size range.NOTE 2 The lower limit in this definition (approximately 1 nm) h
29、as no physical significance but is introduced to avoid single and small groups of atoms from being designated as nano-objects or elements of nanostructures, which might be implied by the absence of a lower limit.ISO/TS 276872)2.9 nanostructurenanoscale structure2.10 nanostructuredpossessing a struct
30、ure comprising contiguous elements with one or more dimension in the nanoscale but excluding any primary atomic or molecular structureNOTE 1 An example of a primary atomic or molecular structure is the arrangement of atoms in a crystalline solid.NOTE 2 The use of the term contiguous implies that a s
31、phere of approximately 100 nm diameter, inscribed in a nanostructured material, will intersect more than one element of the structure.2.11 primary structurefirst level of ordered structuring of matter above disorderNOTE For example, a sequence of mer units in a polymer or amino acids in a peptide mo
32、lecule.2.12 secondary structuresecond level of ordered structuring of matter above disorderNOTE For example, a formation of inter-polymer bonds such as hydrogen bonding to give rise to beta sheets and barrel regions.2.13 supramoleculeordered array of molecules, held together through non covalent int
33、eractions, which exhibits at least a primary structure2.14 tertiary structurethird level of ordered structuring of matter above disorderNOTE 1 For example, the surface topography of a protein macromolecule.NOTE 2 Higher levels of ordering are possible.2)In preparation.PAS 136:20074 BSI 20073 Molecul
34、ar entities3.1 cage compoundpolycyclic compound having the shape of a cageIUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology 1994, 66, 1092 23.2 fullereneclosed-cage structure having more than 20 carbon atoms consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atomsNOTE A fullerene with 60 carbon atoms (C60) is so
35、metimes called buckminsterfullerene.J. Chem. Inf. Comp. Sci. 35, 969-978 33.3 graphenesingle sheet of trigonally bonded (sp2) carbon atoms in a hexagonal structure4 Structural entities4.1 carbon nanotubenanotube consisting of carbonNOTE This term is commonly used to refer to a seamless tube construc
36、ted from graphene that can be either a single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT), comprising a single layer of carbon atoms, or a multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), comprising multiple concentric tubes.4.2 micelleaggregation of surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquidNOTE 1 The surfactant molecules are
37、 often sequestered into hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.NOTE 2 Micelles are commonly spherical but can also be branched, rods or worm-like.4.3 nanoclusternon covalently or covalently bound group of atoms or molecules whose largest overall dimension is typically in the nanoscale4.4 nanofibreflexi
38、ble nanorodISO/TS 276873)4.5 nanoplatenano-object with one external dimension in the nanoscale and the two other external dimensions significantly largerNOTE 1 The smallest external dimension is the thickness of the nanoplate.NOTE 2 The two significantly larger dimensions are considered to differ fr
39、om the nanoscale dimension by more than three times.NOTE 3 The larger external dimensions are not necessarily at the nanoscale.ISO/TS 276873)3)In preparation. BSI 2007 5PAS 136:20074.6 nanopowdermass of dry nanoparticles4.7 nanorodnano-object with two similar external dimensions in the nanoscale and
40、 the third dimension significantly larger than the other two external dimensionsNOTE 1 The largest external dimension is the length of the nanorod and is not necessarily in the nanoscale.NOTE 2 The two similar external dimensions are considered to differ in size by less than three times and the sign
41、ificantly larger external dimension is considered to differ from the other two by more than three times.NOTE 3 A nanorod can take any cross-sectional shape consistent with the dimensional limits of the definition.ISO/TS 276874)4.8 nanotubehollow nanorodISO/TS 276874)4.9 self assembled monolayerplana
42、r two dimensional supramolecular array formed at an interfaceNOTE An example of a self assembled monolayer is a Langmuir-Blodgett film.5Synthesized materials5.1 aerogelnanoporous low density (less than 5 mgcm3) fractal solid5.2 dendrimerrepeatedly branched macromoleculeNOTE Dendrimers can be configu
43、red as a sphere, partial sphere or wedge structure (i.e. dendritic wedge).5.3 dendrondendrimer containing a single chemically addressable groupNOTE The single chemically addressable group is known as the focal point.5.4 macromoleculemolecule with high relative molecular mass comprising multiple repe
44、titive units derived from molecules of lower relative molecular massderived from IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 1996, 68, 2289 25.5 nanocompositemultiphase structure in which at least one of the phases has at least one dimension in the nanoscalederived from Pure and Applied Chemistry, pp
45、19852007 44)In preparation.PAS 136:20076 BSI 20075.6 sol-gelcolloidal system in which a porous network of interconnected particles spans the volume of a liquid mediumNOTE Particles in a sol-gel are often nanoparticles.5.7 zeolitenanoporous crystalline solid with a well defined pore structure6 Produc
46、tion of raw material6.1 bottom upprogressing from small or subordinate units to a larger and functionally richer unitderived from The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 56.2 chemical vapour synthesisproduction method where vapour, introduced to a reaction chamber by, for example, p
47、yrolysis, reduction, oxidation or nitridation, condenses to form particlesNOTE 1 Also referred to as chemical vapour growth.NOTE 2 One application is the synthesis of carbon nanotubes.derived from PAS 71:2005, definition 6.56.3 electrospinningtechnique used to produce nanofibres from a reservoir of
48、reactive precursor species expelled through a nozzle, the tip of which is held at high voltage, the fibres being collected on a grounded plate6.4 flame pyrolysissynthesis method where flame heat is used to vaporize feedstock material and initiate chemical reaction to produce particlesNOTE Particles
49、produced by flame pyrolysis are often nanoparticles.derived from Nanoparticles: An occupational hygiene review 66.5 laser pyrolysisgas phase synthesis method where a flowing reactive gas is heated rapidly with a laserPAS 71:2005, definition 6.196.6 nanolithographyprocess of defining an arbitrary pattern with minimum feature sizes of less than 100 nm6.7 nanoprintingpreparation of nanomaterials or nanostructures using techniques allied to printing6.8 plasma processinguse of plasma to ef
