1、g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58ICS 01.040.07; 07.030Vocabulary NanoparticlesPUBLICLY AVAILABLE SPECIFICATIONPAS 71:2005PAS 71:2005T
2、his Publicly Available Specification comes into effect on 25 May 2005 BSI 25 May 2005ISBN 0 580 45925 XAmendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsPAS 71:2005 BSI 25 May 2005ContentsPagePreface iiForeword iiiIntroduction 11Scope 12 General terms 13 Particle names: generic 24 Particle na
3、mes: chemically specific 65 Nanoparticle systems 76 Production methods 87 Production mechanisms 118 Particle characteristics 139 Particle volume and diameter 1410 Measurement and analysis techniques 1511 Abbreviations 19Bibliography 23Index 24iPAS 71:2005iiPrefaceIt may not be customary to preface a
4、 Publicly Available Specification (PAS) but, as Director General responsible both for promoting standards activities in the UK and encouraging the development and application of key emerging technologies, I believe this PAS marks an important development in policy and that the efforts of all concern
5、ed should be recognised.In December 2003 the DTI published the Innovation Report which set out its thinking on a more strategic approach towards the development of emerging technologies. Since then we have been implementing the report, notably in the area of technology development through a series o
6、f competitions to support the development of new technologies. But the report also set out the importance of metrology and standards in the widespread development and application of new technologies. As a result, the National Standardisation Strategic Framework (NSSF) was established.This PAS repres
7、ents the first small step in this direction in an area, nanotechnology, which many are predicting holds the key to technology, indeed, economic development over the next twenty years. It also shows how the NSSF can be a driver in developing forward looking standards which meet the needs of business
8、in the area of emerging technologies.Developing agreed terms and definitions may seem to be of little consequence but is fundamental to the development of a common understanding of the terms in this field. From here we can begin to address the key societal, commercial and legal issues that face the
9、nanotechnology community today through the development of standards.The work to date also forms the basis for wider international developments and collaboration. I am delighted at the level of international involvement in this project and that, partly as a result of this initiative, the BSI, Nationa
10、l Physical Laboratory and the steering committee of UK experts are at the forefront of European and international efforts to establish standards in this area. To all who have been involved in this project I should like to offer my thanks and congratulations. David HughesDirector General Innovation G
11、roupDepartment of Trade and Industry BSI 25 May 2005PAS 71:2005 BSI 25 May 2005ForewordThis Publicly Available Specification has been developed by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) in collaboration with the British Standards Institution (BSI). No copying without permission of BSI except as
12、permitted by copyright law. Acknowledgement is given to the following organizations that were consulted in the development of this specification.Steering Panel members:Health these could be greatly reduced by adopting the following good practice:Ambiguous terminology: due to the interdisciplinary na
13、ture of nanotechnologies, the definition of some technical terms might be different for those with backgrounds in different science or engineering fields and industry sectors. Whilst this PAS aims to provide a single definition for each term, there were some terms that had more than one widely used
14、meaning. When using a term for which this vocabulary shows more than one meaning, it is recommended that qualifying information as to which meaning is intended is stated.Means of determination: many of the measurable parameters of nanoparticles can be experimentally determined by more than one techn
15、ique. These techniques can be based on fundamentally different processes, require differing degrees of interpretation or lead to different results. When such information is communicated, in addition to any normally reported degree of confidence or data distribution that may be quoted, it is recommen
16、ded that the means by which the information was derived/determined is stated.Thanks are due to the leading UK and international nanotechnologists involved in the development and review of this PAS for enabling it to be produced in a timely manner.1 ScopeThis Publicly Available Specification lists te
17、rms and definitions currently in use in the field of nanoparticles. It is intended to facilitate communications between organizations and individuals in industry and those who interact with them. This document does not include a nomenclature system for nanoparticles.2 General terms2.1 nanomaterialma
18、terial with one or more external dimensions, or an internal structure, on the nanoscale, which could exhibit novel characteristics compared to the same material without nanoscale featuresNOTE Novel characteristics might include increased strength, chemical reactivity or conductivity. BSI 25 May 2005
19、1PAS 71 Steering GroupPAS 71:20052.2 nanoparticleparticle with one or more dimensions at the nanoscalePAS 71 Steering GroupNOTE 1 Also referred to as nanoparticulate, although this term is more often used adjectivally.NOTE 2 Novel properties that differentiate nanoparticles from the bulk material ar
20、e typically developed at a critical length scale of under 100 nm.2.3 nanoscalehaving one or more dimensions of the order of 100 nm or lessNOTE Also referred to as nanosize.PAS 71 Steering Group2.4 nanosciencestudy of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular sca
21、les, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scaleNanoscience and nanotechnologies 12.5 nanostructuredhaving a structure at the nanoscaleNOTE Agglomerates and aggregates of nanoparticles are examples of nanostructured particles.PAS 71 Steering Group2.6 nanotechnologydesign, char
22、acterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanoscaleNanoscience and nanotechnologies 13 Particle names: generic3.1 acicular particleneedle shaped particleBS 2955:1993, Glossary of terms relating to particle technology3.2 agglomera
23、tegroup of particles held together by relatively weak forces, including van der Waals forces, electrostatic forces and surface tensionOccupational Ultrafine Aerosol Exposure Characterization and Assessment 2strongly bonded aggregateIUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology 3, 1991, 63, 1231group of s
24、trongly associated particles that cannot easily be re-dispersed by mechanical meansPAS 71 Steering GroupNOTE 1 It is recommended that when the term agglomerate is used that it be specified whether the bonding is strong (where elements require chemical as well as physical means for separation) or wea
25、k (where only physical means are required).NOTE 2 Attention is drawn to the inconsistent definitions listed here for this term, which reflect the different uses of this term 2 BSI 25 May 2005according to the industry context.PAS 71:20053.3 aggregateheterogeneous particle in which the various compone
26、nts are not easily broken apartOccupational Ultrafine Aerosol Exposure Characterization and Assessment 1assemblage of primary particles exhibiting an identifiable collective behaviour (e.g. chemical nature of the aggregated primary particles, texture of the aggregate, resistance to mechanical separa
27、tion upon grinding)NOTE 1 Strongly bonded aggregates are called agglomerates.NOTE 2 The definition of primary particle used is that from reference 2.Adapted from 3 by PAS 71 Steering Groupweakly associated group of particles that can be re-dispersed by mechanical meansPAS 71 Steering GroupNOTE 3 Att
28、ention is drawn to the contrasting definitions listed here for this term, which reflect the different uses of this term according to the industry context.3.4 bulk nanoparticlesnanoparticles produced by industrial-scale processesNOTE Examples include carbon black, titanium dioxide and fumed silica.PA
29、S 71 Steering Group3.5 dendrimersynthetic, three-dimensional macromolecule built up from a monomer, with new branches added in a step-by-step fashion until a symmetrical branched structure is createdNOTE Where there is perfect branching, the particle is referred to as a dendrimer; where the branchin
30、g is imperfect, it is referred to as hyperbranched.PAS 71 Steering Group3.6 dendritic particleparticle with a highly branched structureNOTE 1 Similar to nanostructured material, i.e. agglomerates or aggregates.NOTE 2 Also referred to as a branched-chain aggregate.PAS 71 Steering Group3.7 engineered
31、nanoparticlesnanoparticles manufactured to have specific properties or a specific compositionPAS 71 Steering Group3.8 flocassemblage of particles, which, having been initially dispersed, have become loosely coherentNOTE Also referred to as flocc and flocculate.BS 2955:1993, Glossary of terms relatin
32、g to particle technology3.9 fumecloud of airborne particles, including nanoparticles of low volatility, arising from condensation of vapours from either chemical or physical reactions BSI 25 May 20053PAS 71 Steering GroupPAS 71:20053.10 fumed powderpowder recovered from a fumeBS 2955:1993, Glossary
33、of terms relating to particle technology3.11 incidental nanoparticlesnanoparticles formed as a by-product of man-made or natural processes, e.g. welding, milling, grinding or combustionPAS 71 Steering Group3.12 milled powderpowder produced by comminution in a millBS 2955:1993, Glossary of terms rela
34、ting to particle technology3.13 nanoclustergroup of atoms or molecules whose largest overall dimension is typically in the range of a few nanometresPAS 71 Steering Group3.14 nanocorecentral part of a nanoparticle encapsulated (or coated) in a dissimilar nanomaterialPAS 71 Steering Group3.15 nanocrys
35、tal nanoscale solid formed with a periodic lattice of atoms, ions or moleculesPAS 71 Steering Group3.16 nanopowderdry nanoparticlesPAS 71 Steering Group3.17 nanofibrenanoparticle with two dimensions at the nanoscale and an aspect ratio of greater than 3:1NOTE Types of nanofibres include nanowhiskers
36、, nanorods and nanowire.PAS 71 Steering Group3.18 nanohornnanoscale cone with a curved axisPAS 71 Steering Group3.19 nano-onionnanoparticle composed of concentric molecular shell structuresNOTE Also referred to as a nested nanoparticle.PAS 71 Steering Group4 BSI 25 May 2005PAS 71:20053.20 nanoribbon
37、nanofibre with an approximately rectangular cross-section, where the ratio of the longer to the shorter dimensions of the cross-section is greater than 2:1NOTE Also referred to as a nanobelt.PAS 71 Steering Group3.21 nanorodstraight solid nanofibrePAS 71 Steering Group3.22 nanoropenanofibres in a tw
38、isted conformationPAS 71 Steering Group3.23 nanotubehollow nanofibrePAS 71 Steering Group3.24 nanowireconducting or semi-conducting nanofibrePAS 71 Steering Group3.25 primary particlesmallest identifiable subdivision in a particulate systemParticle Size Characterization 4 and The Use of Nomenclature
39、 in Dispersion Science and Technology 5particle introduced into the air in a solid or liquid form, or formed through nucleation from the vapour phaseOccupational Ultrafine Aerosol Exposure Characterization and Assessment 2NOTE Attention is drawn to the inconsistent definitions listed here for this t
40、erm, which reflect the different uses of this term according to the industry context.3.26 quantum dotnanoscale particle that exhibits size-dependent electronic and optical properties due to quantum confinementOccupational Ultrafine Aerosol Exposure Characterization and Assessment 23.27 secondary par
41、ticleparticle formed through aggregation or agglomeration of primary particlesPAS 71 Steering Groupparticle formed through chemical reactions in the gas phase (gas to particle conversion)Occupational Ultrafine Aerosol Exposure Characterization and Assessment 2NOTE Attention is drawn to the inconsist
42、ent definitions listed here for this term, which reflect the different uses of this term according to the industry context.3.28 BSI 25 May 20055ultrafine particlenanoparticleNOTE This is a variant in common use by those dealing with industrial products and air pollution measurement.PAS 71 Steering G
43、roupPAS 71:20054 Particle names: chemically specific4.1 carbon black elemental carbon in the form of near-spherical particles with major diameters less than 1 m, generally coalesced into aggregatesISO 1382:2004, Rubber Vocabulary4.2 carbon nanotubenanotube consisting of one or several graphene sheet
44、s rolled up into a seamless tube, forming a single- or multi-walled tubeFrost particles generally occur within the range of less than 1 nm to greater than 100 m in diameterOccupational Ultrafine Aerosol Exposure Characterization and Assessment 25.2 aerosol, accumulationassociated with coalescence or
45、 coagulation of particles within the nucleation range into larger particles; distribution modes typically extend from 50 nm to 1 m, but are not confined to these limitsOccupational Ultrafine Aerosol Exposure Characterization and Assessment 25.3 aerosol, nucleationaerosol dominated by particle format
46、ion from the gas phase, such as through nucleation from a supersaturated vapor; distribution modes typically extend from less than 1 nm to 50 nm, but are not confined to these limitsOccupational Ultrafine Aerosol Exposure Characterization and Assessment 25.4 colloidsubstance consisting of particles
47、not exceeding 1 4m dispersed in a fluidBS 2955:1993, Glossary of terms relating to particle technology5.5 heterodisperse systembulk powder or suspension containing particles with a range of sizesBS 2955:1993, Glossary of terms relating to particle technology5.6 homogenous suspensionsuspension in whi
48、ch the particles are uniformly distributedBS 2955:1993, Glossary of terms relating to particle technology5.7 hydrosolsol in which water forms the dispersion mediumThe Use of Nomenclature in Dispersion Science and Technology 55.8 monodisperse systembulk powder or suspension containing primary particl
49、es with a very narrow size distributionNOTE The definition of primary particle used is that from reference 2.PAS 71 Steering Group5.9 nanocompositecomposite in which at least one of the phases has at least one dimension on the nanoscalePure and Applied Chemistry 10, pp 198520075.10 nanophasediscrete phase, within a material, which is at the nanoscale BSI 25 May 20057PAS 71 Steering GroupPAS 71:20055.11 organosolsol in
