1、AIR5271Issued 2002-06A Guideline for Application of High-Density Fiber Optic Interconnects to Aerospace PlatformsFOREWORDThis document details various aspects of a Generation II high-density fiber optic interconnect system and related interface and installation hardware concepts for aircraft applica
2、tions. The currently utilized Generation I fiber optic interconnect hardware, represents an extension or duplication of existing aircraft electrical cabling and connector technology to fiber optic media. It is therefore desirable to consider at the outset guidelines for an advanced high density inte
3、rconnect system based on emerging technology concepts so that avionics interconnect systems can accommodate growth as the technology matures. This high-density interconnect will represent a revolutionary advance in interconnect systems based on optical fibers unique performance characteristics. The
4、concept should be compatible with all advanced aerospace system concepts including “fly-by-light”, broadband multimedia networks such as passenger entertainment systems, advanced avionics computer interconnects (e.g. optical backplanes) and “smart structures”. The vision is to attain a “mobile vehic
5、le information distribution system” analogous to the “premises distribution systems” provided for buildings where all elements of a fiber optic interconnect are designed for compatibility and interchangeability.This guideline addresses industry and government concerns with the affordability of first
6、 generation of interconnect hardware in order to provide solutions for improved second-generation hardware. This second-generation hardware should take into account advanced commercial network and “fly-by-light” systems implementation as well as recent technology advances by the commercial photonics
7、 industry. It is proposed that existing and planned industry wide consortia and working groups be used to provide input for this interconnect system for future military and aerospace applications since expertise from many disciplines and diverse organizations is required to arrive at workable soluti
8、ons. It is also proposed that the automotive community participate in this effort to gain the economy-of-scale which can be achieved by possible dual-use aerospace/automotive application. Contributions and suggestions have been supplied by attendees of the AS-3C meetings held from October 1992 throu
9、gh April 1999.AEROSPACE INFORMATION REPORT Reaffirmed 2009-03SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any part
10、icular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2009 SAE Inter
11、national All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7
12、323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedbackon this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AIR5271SAE AIR5271- 2 -TABLE OF CONTEN
13、TS1. SCOPE 62. AVAILABLE REFERENCE DOCUMENTS .62.1 Sources For Reference Documents 72.2 Definitions .82.3 First Generation Fiber Optic Interconnect Constraints 92.4 System Requirements .102.5 Fiber Optic High-Density Cable Plant Benefits .113. ADVANCED INTERCONNECT/HARNESS REQUIREMENTS .114. EMERGIN
14、G TECHNOLOGY TRENDS 124.1 Optical Fibers For High-Density Cables 134.1.1 Glass Fibers 144.1.2 Plastic Optical Fibers (POF) 154.1.3 Hard Clad Silica Fibers .184.1.4 Radiation Hardness 184.2 Optical Fiber Physical Properties 204.3 Optical Properties of Fibers .204.4 Fiber Optic Ribbon Cable Constructi
15、on .214.4.1 Encapsulated Fiber Optic Ribbon Cables .214.4.2 Non-encapsulated Fiber Optic Ribbon Cables 224.4.3 Fiber Optic Ribbon Cable Physical Properties 224.4.4 Stacked Fiber Optic Ribbon Cables 244.4.5 Suggested Cable Test Procedures 264.5 High Density Fiber Optic Termination Concepts .264.5.1 F
16、iber Optic Termini Properties .304.5.2 High Density Fiber Optic Cable Connectors .374.5.3 High-density Connector Backshell Properties 374.6 Silicon Compatible Integrated Optic Devices 384.6.1 Pyrolytically Deposited Silica Waveguide Couplers 394.6.2 Microchip Couplers Fabricated By The Sol-Gel Metho
17、d .40SAE AIR5271- 3 -TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)4.6.3 Properties of Planar Waveguide Couplers 424.6.4 Active Silicon Optical Circuits 424.7 Optical Backplane Interconnect 444.7.1 Optical Backplane Construction 454.7.2 Optical Backplane Parameters 574.8 Opto-Electronic Source/Detector Devices and P
18、ackaging 584.8.1 Edge Emitting Hetero-junction Lasers .594.8.2 Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELS) .604.8.3 Micro-chip Lasers 674.8.4 External Modulators 684.8.5 Modal Noise 73 4.9 Switching Mechanisms .744.9.1 Smart Pixels 744.9.2 Electro-Mechanical Switching .754.9.3 All Optical Switc
19、hing 755. OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS .765.1 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA) .765.2 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA) .785.3 Comparison of SOA And EDFA Performance .786. AIRCRAFT INSTALLATION 796.1 Conduit Enclosed Cables 796.2 Stand Alone Cable 806.3 Air Blown Fiber (ABF) .816.4 Splicing .826.5 Br
20、anching And Break-Out Techniques 886.6 Fasteners Or Tie-Down Techniques 886.7 Installation and Repair Tools .887. TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXED NETWORK TOPOLOGIES 897.1 Linear Network Topology .897.2 Star Network Topology 917.3 Ring Network Topology .917.4 Mesh Network Topology 927.5 Switched Network To
21、pologies .927.6 Shunted Ring “Skip-A-Node” Topology .93SAE AIR5271- 4 -TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)8. BROADBAND NETWORKS 938.1 Sub-Carrier Modulation .948.2 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) .958.3 Broadband Network Topologies 978.3.1 Broadband Ring Topology .988.3.2 Broadband Star Topology 99
22、9. BUILT-IN-TEST CONCEPTS .1029.1 Diagnostic Requirements 1049.1.1 Fault Detection 1049.1.2 Fault Containment .1059.1.3 Fault Isolation 1059.1.4 Fault Prediction .1059.1.5 Fault Isolation Methods .1069.2 Functional Element Module .1069.2.1 Interconnect Fabric Module .1069.2.2 Optical Backplane .1069
23、.2.3 Intra-Rack Harness And Inter-Rack Harness 1079.3 Transmitter/Monitor And Receiver/Stimulator .10710. TEST EQUIPMENT AND MAINTENANCE 10911. ADVANCED INTERCONNECT CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .109APPENDIX A REFERENCE SOURCES 110APPENDIX B LIST OF FIGURES .114SAE AIR5271- 5 -ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSCON
24、TRIBUTING COMMITTEE MEMBERSThe following individuals submitted data inputs, graphics and hardware pictorials and gave committee presentations which directly contributed to AIR5271:The following individuals participated in the preparation and editing of AIR5271:Drew GlistaChairman, AS3-CRick Allison
25、David Horwitz Ken Sanders Mark Beranek John Krawczak Greg SellersDipak Biswas Fran Karwacki Steven SmallRichard Bogenberger John Lehman Rick StevensJulian Bristow Kevin Li Tom StocktonBob Steele Dave Lewis Gerard WallesTeresa Farris A. Mooradian Mike WanamakerFloyd Fazi Bill Mouyous Tom WeaverDavid
26、Gallusser Greg Olsen Pat WeinerRoger Greenwell Jacques Rene Phil WilliamsDoug Hardy Gerry Sauter Andy Voizy Grig Adamovsky Creseda Douglas Anthony Jordan Richard PaulClint Adams Brad Elik Rod Katz Guenter PaulyNigel Aldridge Leif Fredin John Kolasinski Chris PeggeRobert Allen Marty Fritz Tom Kowalsk
27、y Alan PerkinsAdam Andonovic Paul Galletta Dave Leight Donald RichardsDavid Arps Erwin Gangl Ken Majchizak Andy RiddleJarring Attema Xene Glavas Lou Marchitto Anwar RizviMiles Austin Phil Goldman Ron McCartney David RobsonCarlos Bedoya Sam Green Regan McDole Chris RoePaul Bennett David Gastelum Patr
28、ick McFerrin Earl RydellJohn Berthold Hal Hager Joseph McHugh Losif SanderRalph Bielinski Daryl Hamlin Lisa McMurray Don SchuettTracy Bower Richard Hampson David Michael Keith SchweikhardBob Cameron Donald Heflinger Art Michon John StarrAntonio Ciaramella Warren Herman Ed Mitchell Karl StraussCoug C
29、lark Troy Hetherington Marian Modrow Myles TaylorChris Coates Mert Horne R.S. Mortimer Marcus TomsNicholas Colella Frank Howes Owen Mulkey John VarachiS.J. Collette Norm Hug James Nelson Michael WashburnJohn Cotterill Ian Innes Sang Nguyen Laurence WessonJason Crocker Ted Jeffery Dana Nobel Chuck Wh
30、iteAl Crosgrove Dale Johnson Greg Noll Willard White IIITom Dermis Rick Jones Michael Orr Dave ZikaSAE AIR5271- 6 -1. SCOPE:This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR5271) covers the basic attributes of a second-generation robust, reliable high-density fiber optic interconnect system for aerospace a
31、pplications. The intent is to take advantage of recent commercial developments in materials, components and manufacturing methods to develop rugged high-density fiber optic interconnects optimized for aerospace and automotive applications, which can accommodate a variety of optical fiber waveguide t
32、ypes. These waveguide types include single mode and multi-mode glass/glass fibers and waveguides, plastic clad silica fibers and waveguides, and all polymer fibers and waveguides. This second generation interconnect system should represent a dramatic improvement over first generation. The cable shou
33、ld be extremely robust eliminating any concerns over cable damage or fiber breakage in an aerospace environment. A high-density fiber optic interconnect system provides the physical medium for optical data and control communication in aerospace vehicles. As such, it consists of the cables and harnes
34、ses, connectors, splices, backplane interfaces, transceivers, fiber optic couplers, and includes test and maintenance concepts for these items. Also included are manufacturing, installation and repair tools, processes and training programs. The high-density format should provide for both redundant s
35、erial data transmission or parallel data transfer by providing a scaleable fiber count. Connectors should provide an extremely small footprint, with low mass connector shells and array inserts, and accommodate both single and multi-mode fibers. Fiber spacing and cladding diameter should be standardi
36、zed and coatings utilized to guarantee long term reliability. The cable connector interface shall be optimized to preclude damage during installation and/or maintenance actions as well as ease of termination. All elements of the cable plant should be compatible including splices and couplers with mi
37、nimum weight, volume and footprint. This optimized cable plant shall serve as an integrated information distribution system capable of transferring all information on military and commercial aircraft with dramatic improvements in affordability, reliability, fault tolerance, EMI/EMP immunity and safe
38、ty. Utilization of this cable plant will improve aircraft performance and fuel economy, providing operational cost effectiveness while reducing new aircraft certification costs. 2. AVAILABLE REFERENCE DOCUMENTS:The following documents represent the current database for application of interconnects a
39、nd related components to aerospace platforms:MIL-STD-1678A Fiber Optic Test Methods and InstrumentationMIL-C-38999 Connector, Electrical Circular, Miniature; Specification forMIL-C-83723 Connector, Electrical Rectangular; Specification forMIL-E-5400T Electrical Equipment, Aerospace General; Specific
40、ation forMIL STD 883 Microcircuits; Specification forMIL-STD-1344 Test Methods for Electrical ConnectorsMIL-STD-202 Test methods for Electrical and Electronic Component PartsMIL-I-1760 Aircraft/Stores Electrical Interconnection SystemMIL-C-83522 General Specification for Single Terminus Fiber optic
41、ConnectorsMIL-C-85045 General Specification for Fiber Optic Cable-ShipboardMIL-F-49291 General Specification for Optical FiberSAE AIR5271- 7 -2. (Continued):MIL-T-29504 General Specification for Removable Fiber Optic TerminiMIL-STD-461 Requirements for the Control of Electro-magnetic Interference Em
42、issions and SusceptibilityMIL-STD-462 Measurement of Electro-magnetic Interference CharacteristicsMIL-W-5088 Wiring, Aerospace VehicleAS1773 Fiber Optics Mechanization of an Aircraft Linear Time Division Command/Response Multiplexed Data BusARP5061 Guidelines for Testing of Aerospace Fiber Optic Int
43、er-Connection SystemsARINC 404-A Air Transport Equipment Cases and RackingARINC 600-10 Air Transport Avionics Equipment InterfacesARINC Project Paper 628 Cabin Equipment Interfaces (CEI) Part 6 Fiber Optic Cable Assembly General SpecificationARINC 629P1-4 Multi-Transmitter Data Bus, Part 1, Technica
44、l DescriptionARINC 629P2 Multi-Transmitter Data Bus, Part 2, Application GuideARINC 636 Onboard Local Area Network (OLAN)ARINC 659 Backplane Data BusBELLCORE GR-326-CORE Generic Requirements for Single-Mode Optical Fiber ConnectorsDIN 47256 General Specification for Single Terminus Fiber Optic Conne
45、ctorsRTCA DO-160C Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne EquipmentTIA/EIA-455-XX series Fiber Optic Test procedures (FOTPs)TIA/EIA-455-XX series Optical Fiber System Test Procedures (OFSTPs)TIA/EIA-604-X series Fiber Optic Connector Inter-mateability Standards (FOCIS)2.1 Sources f
46、or Reference Documents:Reference Documents or additional information concerning reference documents can be obtained from the following sources1:Aeronautical Radio Inc. (ARINC, USA, 1-410-266-4110)HTTP:/WWW.ARINC.COM/Ind_Govt_Srv/Characteristics/Defense Supply Center (Dept. Of Defense, DSCC, USA, Art
47、 Hudson, 1-614-692-0657) HTTP:/WWW.DSCC.DLA.MILInstitute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE, USA 1-908-981-0060)HTTP:/WWW.IEEE.ORG/International Electro-technical Commission IEC, Switzerland +41-22-919-0211HTTP:/WWW.IEC.CH/Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA), USA, 1-202-682-0
48、266Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE, USA, 1-412-776-4841, HTTP:/WWW.SAE.ORG1Horwitz, Page 9SAE AIR5271- 8 -2.1 (Continued):Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA, USA, 1-703-907-7700)HTTP:/WWW.TIAONLINE.ORG/2.2 Definitions:FIBER OPTIC CABLE CONDUIT. A rigid or semi-rigid tube within which
49、the signal carrying media may be placed. It also serves the function of an external strength member to provide crush and abrasion resistance.FIBER OPTIC RIBBON. An unprotected assembly of optical fibers arranged side by side in a flat configuration and held together by an adhesive or adhesive tape.FIBER OPTIC RIBBON CABLE: A ruggedized stand alone assembly of two or more optical fibers arranged side by side in a flat configuration. The assembly may also provide mechanical strength for the fibers and a suitable protective coating to cover the buffered fibers f
