1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2013 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this pu
3、blication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970
4、 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AIR5401AAEROSPACEINFORMATIONREPORTAIR5401 REV. A Issued 2001-08 Reaffirmed 2007-07
5、Stabilized 2013-09 Superseding AIR5401 Aircraft Crash Axes RATIONALEThe information contained in the document remains valid and appropriate, and it is not expected to change in the foreseeable future. STABILIZED NOTICE This document has been declared “Stabilized“ by the SAE S-9 Cabin Safety Provisio
6、ns Committee, and will no longer be subjected to periodic reviews for currency. Users are responsible for verifying references and continued suitability of technical requirements. Newer technology may exist. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduct
7、ion or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-1. SCOPE:This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides information demonstrating the need for establishing design and performance standards for aircraft crash axes.1.1 Purpose:The purpose of this AIR is to provide information concerning
8、 the regulation and use of aircraft crash axes. These axes are required by regulations specified below. They are intended for use by aircraft crew members to assist in evacuation, extrication, fire fighting, or other emergency activities.2. REFERENCES:2.1 Applicable Documents:The following publicati
9、ons form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references
10、 cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained.SAE AIR5401A Page 1 of 5_Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduct
11、ion or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-2.1.1 FAA Publications: Available from the United States Government Printing Office (GPO). Order online at www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs.14 CFR Part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules14 CFR Part 121 Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and
12、Supplemental Operations14 CFR Part 125 Certification and Operations: Airplanes having a seating capacity of 20 or more passengers or a maximum payload capacity of 6000 pounds or more14 CFR Part 135 Operating Requirements: Commuter and On-Demand Operations2.1.2 JAA Publications: Available from Printi
13、ng & Publications Services Ltd., Greville House 37, Gratton Road, Cheltenham GL50 2BN, England, Telephone +44(0)1242 235 151, Fax +44(0)1242 584 139, Credit Card Hotline +44(0)1242 263 993.JAR-OPS 1.795 Crash Axes and Crowbars2.1.3 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Publications: Available
14、from NTSB website: http:/www.ntsb.gov.NTSB Recommendation AAR-72/10NTSB Recommendation AAR-96/062.1.4 SAE Publications: Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.AS5402 Design and Performance Criteria, Aircraft Crash AxesARP5403 Aircraft Crash Axes2.2 Definitions:CRASH AX
15、: A hand tool to aid aircraft crew members in emergencies. The hand tool is to assist crew members in penetrating aircraft materials and for prying, twisting and cutting jammed items that are impeding the crews responding to an emergency.3. REGULATORY BACKGROUND:The following background explains the
16、 requirements for provision of the crash ax in aircraft and lists actual aircraft accidents in which an improved crash ax design may have increased the chance for escape and survival.SAE AIR5401A Page 2 of 5_Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduct
17、ion or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-3.1 FAR Requirements:The following Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) sections govern aircraft crash ax requirements: 91.513 Emergency equipmente) Each airplane accommodating more than 19 passengers must be equipped with a crash ax. 121.309 Eme
18、rgency equipment.e) Crash ax. Except for non-transport category airplanes type certificated after December 31, 1964, each airplane must be equipped with a crash ax. 125.207 Emergency equipment requirements.a) No person may operate an airplane having a seating capacity of 20 or more passengers unless
19、 it is equipped with the following emergency equipment:2) A crash ax carried so as to be accessible to the crew but inaccessible to passengers during normal operations. 135.177 Emergency equipment requirements for aircraft having a passenger seating configuration of more than 19 passengers.a) No per
20、son may operate an aircraft having a passenger seating configuration, excluding any pilot seat, of more than 19 seats unless it is equipped with the following emergency equipment:2) A crash ax carried so as to be accessible to the crew but inaccessible to passengers during normal operations.Although
21、 the above regulations do specify when and where a crash ax is required, no design or performance standards are given.3.2 JAR Requirements:The following Joint Aviation Requirement (JAR) section governs aircraft crash ax requirements outside the United States for all JAA member countries: JAR-OPS 1.7
22、95 Crash axes and crowbars(a) An operator shall not operate an aeroplane with a maximum certified take-off mass exceeding 5700 kg or having a maximum approved passenger seating configuration of more than 9 seats unless it is equipped with at least one crash axe or crowbar located on the flight deck.
23、 If the maximum approved passenger seating configuration is more than 200 an additional crash axe or crowbar shall be carried and located in or near the most rearward galley area.Although the above regulations do specify when and where a crash ax is required, no design or performance standards are g
24、iven.SAE AIR5401A Page 3 of 5_Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-4. AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS INVOLVING CREW EVACUATION DIFFICULTIES:Past aircraft emergencies have shown the need for a multi-fu
25、nction tool, or for several tools, available to assist crew members in the event of an emergency.4.1 Flying Tigers Line Flight 45, DC-8-63F (Naha Air Base), (NTSB/AAR-72/10):During the NTSB accident investigation of this unplanned ditching, it was revealed that those flight crew members surviving th
26、e initial ditching impact were trapped and subsequently perished by drowning in the cockpit. They were unable to exit through the blocked flight deck door and were unable to open the sliding cockpit windows which should all have been available for emergency egress. These sliding windows were jammed
27、but may have been operable with the aid of an improved crash ax which included a pry bar feature.4.2 Atlantic Southeast Airlines (ASA), Flight 529 (NTSB/AAR-96/06):During the NTSB accident investigation of ASA Flight 529, it was revealed that the flight crew was trapped in the cockpit by fire and in
28、operable emergency exit windows which were located on each side of the flight deck. The Captain sustained fatal injuries with the cause of death reported by the medical examiner to be from thermal burns and smoke inhalation. The First Officer survived with serious injuries including burns over 80% o
29、f his body.The emergency exit windows (known as DV or “direct view“ windows) were damaged on impact and jammed in the closed position. The First Officer attempted but was unable to open his window manually preventing his exit from the flight deck. He was able to use the aircraft crash ax to break a
30、small hole through his DV window. The crash ax had no pike or pry-bar feature to assist in freeing the jammed window. The head of the ax detached from the handle as it was being used by a rescuer who was outside the aircraft shortly after it has been given to him through the hole in the DV window by
31、 the First Officer. Rescue personnel subsequently brought additional larger axis but these were of limited use because of the resiliency of the window material. Eventually, firefighters were able to sufficiently control the fire aft of the flight deck, allowing them to break through the flight deck
32、door to rescue the First Officer.The most effective tool for opening the emergency exit window was a pry bar which was used the following day by accident investigators. Presently, this type of tool is not available to flight crews.As a result of this accident investigation, the NTSB issued recommend
33、ation A-96-149 to the FAA, which states:“Evaluate the necessary functions of the aircraft crash ax and provide a technical standard order or other specification for a device that serves the functional requirements of such tools carried aboard aircraft.“SAE AIR5401A Page 4 of 5_Copyright SAE Internat
34、ional Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-5. CRASH AX FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS:The following are a few examples of functions that may be performed with such a tool: Prying open jammed flight deck/other emergency exit
35、s (i.e., sliding windows, plug hatches, flight deck entry doors, cabin doors, etc.) Prying open jammed or locked access panels. Penetrating bulkheads or panels to permit application of fire extinguishing agent. Penetrating aircraft skin, bulkheads or panels when the airplane is on the ground to perm
36、it ventilation of fire and for clean air to breathe. Chopping holes in side windows to permit or assist in extrication, to permit application of fire extinguishing agent and/or to permit ventilation. Penetrating inadvertently inflated devices (e.g., lift rafts, etc.).Presently the FAA in 121.309 and
37、 135.177 requires only that a crash ax be carried on aircraft used in commercial operations. However, no minimum standards or functional requirements are given. In many cases, axes provided in aircraft perform some of the above mentioned functions, but not all of them. In other cases, the axes provi
38、ded can perform very few, if any, of these functions. In ALL cases, presently-supplied crash axes are lacking in at least one critical area: a pry bar feature.6. EXISTING AX DESIGNS (AVIATION AND FIRE FIGHTING/RESCUE):A number of multi-purpose tools already exist that could readily perform the funct
39、ions mentioned above and are in use by airport and municipal emergency personnel. Variations could also be developed, where necessary, for uses specific to the aviation industry, taking into account such factors as weight and size.It is preferred that one multifunction tool be provided to perform al
40、l necessary functions. However, where existing axes provided in aircraft perform all specified functions, with the exception of those associated with prying, a supplemental pry bar would augment the existing ax, so that the combination of tools meets the minimum standards of AS5402.It is important t
41、o evaluate and test such tools, as specified in AS5402, to be sure they can perform the intended functions.PREPARED UNDER THE JURISDICTION OFSAE COMMITTEE S-9, CABIN SAFETY PROVISIONSSAE AIR5401A Page 5 of 5_Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-
