1、 _ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising ther
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4、70 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/standards.sae.org/AIR5565 AEROSPACE INFORMATION REPORT AIR5565 Issued 2017-07 Historical Design Information of A
5、ircraft Landing Gear and Control Actuation Systems RATIONALE This aerospace information report (AIR) provides historical design information for various aircraft landing gear and actuation/control systems that may be useful in the design of future systems for similar applications. It presents the bas
6、ic characteristics, hardware descriptions, functional schematics, and discussions of the actuation mechanisms, controls, and alternate release systems. This AIR is intended as a reference source of information for aircraft actuation system designs. The exclusion or omission of any other appropriate
7、actuation system or subsystem should not limit consideration of its use on future aircraft. SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR5565 Page 2 of 263 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE . 7 2. REFERENCES: 8 2.1 Applicable Documents . 8 2.2 SAE Publications 8 2.3 US Government Publications . 8 2.4 General Information . 9 2.5 R
8、eferences per Specific Detailed Aircraft 9 3. Landing Gear Actuation System History 12 3.1 1876-1903: Prior to First Flight . 13 3.2 1900-1910: The First Years of Flight 15 3.3 1910-1914: Controllable Flight . 18 3.4 1914-1918: World War I . 25 3.5 1918-1939: Between the World Wars 27 3.6 1939-1945:
9、 World War II 40 3.7 1945-1980: The Post War Era . 45 3.8 1980: The Digital Age . 57 4. Landing Gear Actuation Systems . 69 4.1 Summary Table of Landing Gear Actuation Systems 69 4.2 Supermarine Spitfire Landing Gear Actuation System . 85 4.3 Douglas DC-3 Landing Gear Actuation System . 90 4.4 Bomba
10、rdier Challenger 300 (formally BD100 Continental) Landing Gear Actuation System 98 4.5 Eclipse 500 Landing Gear Actuation System . 106 4.6 Gulfstream 4 and 5 Landing Gear Actuation System . 111 4.7 NHI NH90 Landing Gear Actuation System . 130 4.8 Vickers Armstrong Valiant Landing Gear Actuation Syst
11、em 135 4.9 Douglas DC-10 Landing Gear Actuation System . 165 4.10 Boeing 737 Landing Gear Actuation System . 174 4.11 Embraer ERJ145 Landing Gear Actuation System 195 4.12 NASA Space Shuttle Landing Gear Actuation System 209 4.13 Airbus A320 Landing Gear Actuation System 218 4.14 Airbus A340/A330 La
12、nding Gear Actuation System . 229 4.15 Bombardier Dash 8-Q400 Series Landing Gear Actuation System . 246 5. NOTES . 263 5.1 Revision Indicator . 263 Figure 1 Alphonse Pnaud and Paul Gauchot Retractable 1876 Landing Gear Design 13 Figure 2 Otto Lilienthals “flight hill“, near Berlin, Germany 1895 . 1
13、4 Figure 3 Orville Wright making a right turn with the Wright Glider No. 2 . 15 Figure 4 Orville Wright and Model A Flyer at Tempelhof Field in Berlin 1909 16 Figure 5 John A. McCurdy and the Silver Dart on the frozen Bras dOr Lake in February 1909 17 Figure 6 Wright Model B Incorporating Wheel Fixe
14、d Landing Gear. 18 Figure 7 Harold D. Boultbee Great Britain Patent No. 17,291 . 19 Figure 8 Great Britain Patent No. 17,433 Harold E. Boultbee designed Retractable Landing Gear 20 Figure 9 British Patent 17,433 Retractable Landing Gear, 1915 22 Figure 10 U.S. Patent 1,152,743 Retractable Landing Ge
15、ar 23 Figure 11 Glenn Curtiss Retractable Landing Gear U.S. Patent 1,392,272 . 24 Figure 12 Aeroplane and Transport, 1st Aero Squadron, Fort Sam Houston Texas 1916 25 Figure 13 Richthofens all-red Fokker Dr.I. Triplane . 26 Figure 14 Richthofens all-red Fokker Dr.I. Triplane - Thijs Postmas Painting
16、 26 Figure 15 Northrop Gamma 2 had landing gear with streamlined coverings that extended down from the fuselage with the wheels protruding from the bottom . 27 Figure 16 DC-3 Wheels Partially Protruding When Retracted . 28 Figure 17 Dayton-Wright RB-1 1920 28 SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR5565 Page 3 of 263
17、Figure 18 Milton Baumann Retractable Landing Gear, U.S. Patent 1,718,189 29 Figure 19 Grover Loening, U.S. Patent 1,545,505 . 30 Figure 20 Flavius Loudys Retractable Landing Gear, U.S. Patent 1,554,221 (1925) 31 Figure 21 James Kindelberger, U.S. Patent 1,729,878 (1929) 32 Figure 22 U.S. Patent 1,76
18、8,696 Hydraulic Retraction Actuator (1927) . 33 Figure 23 Grover Loening, U.S. Patent 1,563,384 . 34 Figure 24 Grumman, U.S. Patent 1,859,624 (1930) 35 Figure 25 U.S. Patent 1,919,524 (1933) . 36 Figure 26 U.S. Patent No. 1,929,630 (1933) 37 Figure 27 U.S. Patent 2,116,960 (1938) . 38 Figure 28 U.S.
19、 Patent No. 2,128,250 (1938) 39 Figure 29 P-51D Mustang February 1956 at RCAF Station Calgary, Alberta 40 Figure 30 RCAF 405 Squadron Lancaster 10MP Maritime Patrol aircraft Main Landing Gear 41 Figure 31 F4U Corsair Main Landing Gear 42 Figure 32 Messerschmitt Me 163B Komet with “dolly” detachable
20、landing gear 43 Figure 33 Messerschmitt Me 163Bs unsprung jettisonable main gear “dolly“ unit 43 Figure 34 U.S. Patent 2,202,207 (1940) . 44 Figure 35 Convair B-36 Peacemaker Main Landing Gear Tire and Prototype track 45 Figure 36 Boeing NB-52A carrying North American Aviations Legendary X-15 46 Fig
21、ure 37 Apollo Lunar Module Landing Gear 1969 . 47 Figure 38 Apollo Lunar Module Landing Gear 1969 . 48 Figure 39 Hawker-Siddeley P.1127 (Forerunner to Harrier Jump Jet) . 49 Figure 40 Boeing 747 Main Landing Gears 50 Figure 41 Antonov An-124 Main Landing Gear 51 Figure 42 AN-124 Kneeling Nose Landin
22、g Gears 51 Figure 43 Concordes Main Landing Gear and Tail Bumper Gear . 52 Figure 44 U.S. Patent 3,869,103 (1969) . 53 Figure 45 XC-8A Buffalo fitted with an Air Cushion Landing System . 54 Figure 46 U.S. Patent 3,533,613 (1970) . 55 Figure 47 U.S. Patent 3,759,468 (1973) . 56 Figure 48 Typical Cyli
23、ndrical and Rectangular Proximity Sensors . 57 Figure 49 Proximity Sensor Electronics Unit (PSEU) and Associated Proximity Sensors . 58 Figure 50 Landing Gear Noise Abatement Patent U.S. 7,954,757 (2011) . 59 Figure 51 HVOF Process . 61 Figure 52 Safran Landing Systems 787 MLG Composite Side and Dra
24、g Braces 63 Figure 53 Landing Gear EHA . 64 Figure 54 Direct Drive Duplex Actuator 65 Figure 55 Development Landing Gear EMA. 66 Figure 56 Electromechanical Actuator Patent U.S. 8,070,094 (2011) 67 Figure 57 Supermarine Spitfire 85 Figure 58 Uplock and downlock plunger 86 Figure 59 Supermarine Spitf
25、ire Main Gear . 87 Figure 60 Supermarine Spitfire Main Gear Arrangement . 88 Figure 61 Supermarine Spitfire Hydraulic Schematic . 89 Figure 62 DC-3 . 90 Figure 63 DC-3 Main Landing Gear . 91 Figure 64 DC-3 Main Landing Gear Ground Lock 92 Figure 65 DC-3 Tail Landing Gear . 93 Figure 66 Douglas DC-3
26、Hydraulic System 96 Figure 67 Douglas DC-3 Ski Option . 97 Figure 68 Bombardier Challenger 300 . 98 Figure 69 Nose and Main Gear general arrangement 99 Figure 70 Nose Drag Brace Lock Plunger and Cam 99 Figure 71 Side Brace Lock Group Unlocked . 100 Figure 71 Side Brace Lock Group Extended and Unlock
27、ed 100 Figure 72 Side Brace Lock Group Extended and Locked . 100 Figure 73 Typical Uplock (MLG shown) . 102 Figure 73 Manual Release System 103 Figure 74 Aircraft Hydraulic System . 104 Figure 75 Landing Gear Hydraulic System . 105 SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR5565 Page 4 of 263 Figure 76 Eclipse 500 . 106
28、Figure 77 Main Landing Gear . 107 Figure 78 Nose Landing Gear 108 Figure 79 Gulfstream 4 . 111 Figure 80 Main Landing Gear . 112 Figure 81 Main Landing Gear Uplock . 113 Figure 82 Nose Landing Gear 114 Figure 83 Nose Landing Gear Downlock . 115 Figure 84 Nose Landing Gear Uplock 115 Figure 85 MLG In
29、board Doors 117 Figure 86 MLG sequencing linkage 117 Figure 87 NLG sequence linkage . 118 Figure 88 NLG Door control with an individual valve 118 Figure 89 Pilot Control Handle . 120 Figure 90 Landing Gear Control and Indication System (Sheet 1/3) 124 Figure 91 Landing Gear Control and Indication Sy
30、stem (Sheet 2/3) 125 Figure 92 Landing Gear Control and Indication System (Sheet 3/3) 126 Figure 93 Weight on Wheels Relay System . 127 Figure 94 Hydraulic Schematic . 129 Figure 95 NHI NH90 . 130 Figure 96 NH90 Main landing gear, functional layout . 131 Figure 97 NH90 TTH Nose Landing Gear, functio
31、nal layout 133 Figure 98 Vickers-Armstrong Valiant 135 Figure 99 Vickers-Armstrong Valiant MLG Illustration . 136 Figure 100 MLG General Architecture . 137 Figure 101 NLG Illustration . 138 Figure 102 NLG General Architecture 139 Figure 103 Normal Retraction Architecture sheet 1/3 145 Figure 104 Ret
32、raction Architecture sheet 2/3 . 146 Figure 105 Retraction Architecture sheet 3/3 . 147 Figure 106 Normal Extension Architecture sheet 1/3 . 150 Figure 107 Normal Extension Architecture sheet 2/3 . 151 Figure 108 Normal Extension Architecture sheet 3/3 . 152 Figure 109 Emergency Extension Architectu
33、re sheet 1/2 155 Figure 110 Emergency Extension Architecture sheet 2/2 156 Figure 111 Extreme Emergency Extension Architecture 158 Figure 112 MLG Actuator - Rotax, Type A1102 . 161 Figure 113 NLG Actuator - Rotax, Type A1202 162 Figure 114 MLG Door Actuator - Rotax, Type A1401/1 . 163 Figure 115 Act
34、uator Illustration . 163 Figure 116 Douglas DC-10 . 165 Figure 117 DC-10 Main Landing Gear . 166 Figure 118 DC-10 Main Landing Gear . 167 Figure 119 Center Landing Gear 169 Figure 120 DC-8 Nose Landing Gear Forward View . 171 Figure 121 DC-8 Nose Landing Gear Aft view 172 Figure 122 Boeing 737 . 174
35、 Figure 123 Boeing 737 Main Landing Gear 175 Figure 124 Boeing 737 Main Landing Gear 176 Figure 125 Boeing 737 Main Landing Gear 177 Figure 126 Boeing 737 Main Landing Gear 178 Figure 127 Boeing 737 Main Landing Gear Bay. 179 Figure 128 Boeing 737 Nose Landing Gear . 180 Figure 129 Boeing 737 Nose L
36、anding Gear . 181 Figure 130 Hydraulic System . 182 Figure 131 Hydraulic System . 183 Figure 132 Hydraulic System . 184 Figure 133 MLG Tire Damage Fitting . 186 Figure 134 Landing Gear Cylinder . 186 Figure 135 MLG Uplock Mechanism 187 SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR5565 Page 5 of 263 Figure 136 Landing Gear
37、Cockpit Lever 189 Figure 137 AFT Overhead Panel Landing Gear Lights . 190 Figure 138 Main Gear Viewer . 191 Figure 139 Nose Gear Viewer 191 Figure 140 Main and Nose Gear Manual Release Levers . 192 Figure 141 Nose Gear Steering Cable Control System 193 Figure 142 737 Landing in Vancouver Fitted with
38、 a Nose Gear Gravel Deflector 194 Figure 143 737 Gravel Runway Take Off fitted with a Nose Gear Gravel Deflector 194 Figure 144 Embraer ERJ145 195 Figure 145 Main Landing Gear . 196 Figure 146 Nose Landing Gear 197 Figure 147 Landing Gear Position Indication On EICAS 199 Figure 148 Landing Gear Indi
39、cation On EICAS 200 Figure 149 Landing Gear Control Box 201 Figure 150 Electric Pump Status 204 Figure 151 Hydraulic System . 205 Figure 152 Hydraulic Schematic Landing Gear Down and Locked 206 Figure 153 Free Fall Handle System 208 Figure 154 NASA Space Shuttle 209 Figure 155 Main Landing Gear . 21
40、0 Figure 156 Main Landing Gear - Stowed 211 Figure 157 Nose Landing Gear 212 Figure 158 Nose Landing Gear Stowed 213 Figure 159 Airbus A320 218 Figure 160 Airbus A320 Main Landing Gear 219 Figure 161 irbus A320 Nose Landing Gear 220 Figure 162 Airbus A320 Hydraulic System . 221 Figure 163 Airbus A32
41、0 Landing Gear Control System . 222 Figure 164 Airbus A320 Landing Gear Control System . 223 Figure 165 Airbus A320 Landing Gear Control Handle 224 Figure 166 Airbus A320 Landing Gear Alternate Extend System Cockpit Handle . 225 Figure 167 Airbus A320 Door Position Indication . 226 Figure 168 Airbus
42、 A320 Landing Gear and Door Position Indication on ECAM . 227 Figure 169 Airbus A340 229 Figure 170 Airbus A340 Main Landing Gear 230 Figure 171 Airbus A340 Center Landing Gear . 231 Figure 172 Airbus A340 Nose Landing Gear 232 Figure 173 Airbus A340 Hydraulic System . 234 Figure 174 Airbus A340 Hyd
43、raulic System Reservoirs Pressurization . 235 Figure 175 Airbus A340 Hydraulic System GREEN System Distribution System . 236 Figure 176 Airbus A340 Landing Gear Control System . 238 Figure 177 Airbus A340 Landing Gear Control System . 239 Figure 178 Airbus A340 Landing Gear Signals to Other Aircraft
44、 Systems . 240 Figure 179 Airbus A340 Landing Gear Lever Signals to Other Aircraft Systems . 241 Figure 180 Airbus A340 Landing Gear Control Lever 242 Figure 181 Airbus A340 Door Position Indication . 243 Figure 182 Airbus A340 Landing Gear and Door Position Indication on ECAM . 244 Figure 183 Bomba
45、rdier Dash 8-Q400 series 246 Figure 184 Dash 8-Q400 Main Landing Gear 247 Figure 185 Dash 8-Q400 Main Landing Gear Doors 248 Figure 186 Dash 8-Q400 Nose Landing Gear 249 Figure 187 Dash 8-Q400 Nose Landing Gear 250 Figure 188 Dash 8-Q400 Hydraulic System . 252 Figure 189 Dash 8-Q400 Landing Gear Con
46、trol System . 254 Figure 190 Dash 8-Q400 Landing Gear Control System . 255 Figure 191 Dash 8-Q400 Landing Gear Alternate Release Handle for Main Gears 259 Figure 192 Dash 8-Q400 Landing Gear Alternate Release Handle for Nose Gear . 260 Figure 193 Dash 8-Q400 Alternate Extension System . 262 SAE INTE
47、RNATIONAL AIR5565 Page 6 of 263 Table 1 Spitfire Landing Gear Actuation System Characteristics . 70 Table 2 DC-3 Landing Gear Actuation System Characteristics 71 Table 3 Challenger 300 Landing Gear Actuation System Characteristics 72 Table 4 Eclipse 500 Landing Gear Actuation System Characteristics
48、73 Table 5 Gulfstream G-4 Landing Gear Actuation System Characteristics 74 Table 6 Gulfstream G-5 Landing Gear Actuation System Characteristics 75 Table 7 NH90 Landing Gear Actuation System Characteristics: 76 Table 8 Vickers Armstrong Valiant Landing Gear Actuation System Characteristics . 77 Table
49、 9 Douglas DC-10 Landing Gear Actuation System Characteristics 78 Table 10 Boeing 737 Landing Gear Actuation System Characteristics 79 Table 11 Embraer 135/145 Landing Gear Actuation System Characteristics . 80 Table 12 NASA Space Shuttle Landing Gear Actuation System Characteristics . 81 Table 13 Airbus A320 Landing Gear Actuation System Characteristics . 82 Table 14 Airbus A340/330 Landing Gear Actuation Syste
