1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2002 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. No part of this
3、 publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: 724-776-4970 (
4、outside USA)Fax: 724-776-0790Email: custsvcsae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgAEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICEARP4102/11REV.CIssued 1988-07Revised 2002-10Superseding ARP4102/11B(R) Airborne Windshear Systems1. SCOPE:This document recommends criteria for Airborne Windshear Systems, including oper
5、ational objectives, characteristics, and functional requirements.The recommendations in this document apply to transport aircraft, and describe the operational objectives of windshear alerting systems, situational displays, guidance systems, and avoidance/detection systems.2. REFERENCES:2.1 Applicab
6、le Documents:This document should be used in conjunction with the ARP4102 Core Document. The following documents may also be applicable:a. SAE S-7 ARP4102/4 Flight Deck Alerting Systemb. SAE S-7 ARP4102/7 Electronic Displaysc. FAR 121.358 Low Altitude Windshear System Equipment Requirementsd. AC 25-
7、12 Airworthiness Criteria for the Approval of Airborne Windshear Warning Systems in Transport Category Airplanese. RTCA Document DO-220 Airborne Short Range and Long Range Windshear Predictive Systems (Version 10.2)2.2 Definitions:2.2.1 Airborne Windshear System: System or systems which alert(s) the
8、 crew to the presence of windshear either before or when the phenomenon is encountered. The system may also provide guidance to avoid or escape from the hazard. The following types of systems may be integrated or independent:Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for R
9、esaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE ARP4102/11 Revision C- 2 -2.2.1.1 Reactive Windshear System: A system which senses and identifies the presence of windshear AFTER the phenomenon is encountered.2.2.1.2 Predictive Windshear System: A system which senses and i
10、dentifies windshear before the actual encounter. It should be composed of a short range predictive alerting system and a long range predictive alerting system in order to increase awareness of the proximity of the encounter and for timely alerting.2.2.1.3 Short Range Predictive Alerting System: A sy
11、stem which senses and identifies windshear SHORTLY BEFORE an encounter, such that pilot action may preclude or mitigate the encounter.2.2.1.4 Long Range Predictive Alerting System: A system which senses and identifies windshear FAR ENOUGH IN ADVANCE of a possible encounter to allow the crew to consi
12、der maneuvering away from the hazard. Such a system shall include display(s) to assist the crew with identification of the hazardous area.2.2.1.5 Airborne Windshear Flight Guidance System: A system which provides the crew with flight guidance to improve recovery probability in a windshear encounter.
13、2.2.1.6 Airborne Windshear AutoFlight Recovery System: A system which integrates or couples the autopilot and the autothrottle systems of the aircraft with an Airborne Windshear Flight Guidance System.2.2.2 Alerts of Airborne Windshear Systems:2.2.2.1 Windshear Alert Threshold: The defined level of
14、windshear metric or metrics above which one or another of the windshear (caution, warning) alert is triggered.2.2.2.2 False Alert: An alert which occurs when the design windshear threshold conditions do not exist.2.2.2.3 Windshear Caution: An alert which is set at a pre-determined windshear level or
15、 at a pre-determined predicted time to encounter the windshear to provide immediate crew awareness for possible subsequent corrective action. (Abnormal Condition, Level Two, ARP4102/4)2.2.2.4 Windshear Warning: An alert which is set at a pre-determined windshear level or at a pre-determined predicte
16、d time to encounter the windshear requiring immediate corrective action by the crew. (Emergency Condition, Level Three, ARP4102/4)2.2.2.5 Attenson: A coined word intended to denote a unique sound selected for its “attention-getting” capability (Reference ARP4102/4).Copyright SAE International Provid
17、ed by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE ARP4102/11 Revision C- 3 -3. OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS:(Refer to Figure 1)3.1 General:3.1.1 Windshear Alert Threshold (in the energy loss sense - altitude and airspeed) should be set t
18、o levels of tailwind or headwind shear components and energy loss levels due to vertical downdrafts as specified in AC 25.12 and its accompanying documents for reactive systems, and set to the time-to-encounter requirements of RTCA Document DO-220 and its accompanying documents for predictive system
19、s.3.1.2 Windshear Caution:3.1.2.1 A Windshear Caution shall provide an alert of increasing performance shear for reactive windshear systems and provide a timely alert for a predictive windshear system which exceeds the thresholds specified in the documents noted in 3.1.1 so that an encounter can be
20、avoided.3.1.2.2 Windshear Cautions shall continue for a finite time unless superseded by a Warning Alert, then cease if the conditions which initiated the alert no longer exist, and may be cancelable after alerting.3.1.2.3 Windshear Cautions pertain to reactive windshear systems and long range predi
21、ctive alerting Systems.3.1.3 Windshear Warning:3.1.3.1 A windshear warning should activate on detection of measured windshear experienced by the aircraft or which the aircraft is about to enter which exceeds the threshold specified in the documents noted in 3.1.1.3.1.3.2 Windshear warnings should ce
22、ase when adverse conditions no longer exist. Adverse conditions include, but are not limited to, the conditions which initiate the alert. Additional criteria, such as attainment of a minimum altitude or a finite timespan (e.g., 30 s), may be applicable to the cessation of alerts. See Section 6 for a
23、ural, visual, and voice alerts.3.1.3.3 The windshear warning alert should not be cancelable by the flight crew.3.1.3.4 Windshear Warnings apply to Reactive and Short Range Predictive Alerting Systems.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or n
24、etworking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE ARP4102/11 Revision C- 4 -FIGURE 1 - ARP4102/11 - Windshear Alerts and DisplaysCopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE ARP4102/11 Revision
25、 C- 5 -3.2 Reactive Windshear System:3.2.1 Reactive windshear systems shall operate in initial climb, approach and go-around after approach flight phases. Alerts during takeoff roll above 80 KIAS until reaching 50 ft AGL, including rotation, are not desirable. Considerations for potential runway ove
26、rruns as a result of a rejected takeoff need to be given.3.2.2 The system shall function below approximately 1000 ft AGL, and should function below 2500 ft AGL.3.2.3 The computed severity of a windshear encounter should include the rate of energy change from the horizontal and/or vertical winds of a
27、 shear, in whatever combination they appear.3.2.4 The probability of a false alert shall be 10-4per flight hour, or less.3.2.5 The probability of an unannunciated failure shall be 10-5per flight hour, or less.3.2.6 The system should function independently of Airborne Windshear Flight Guidance System
28、 or Airborne Windshear AutoFlight Recovery Systems.3.3 Predictive Windshear Systems:3.3.1 Predictive windshear systems shall operate in initial climb, approach, and go-around flight phases. Alerts during takeoff roll above 80 KIAS until reaching 50 ft AGL, including rotation, are not desirable. Cons
29、ideration for potential runway overruns as a result of a rejected takeoff need to be given.3.3.2 Predictive windshear systems shall be able to detect windshear in both dry and wet meteorological conditions (see RTCA Document DO-220 for these definitions).3.3.3 Probabilities of false alerts and unann
30、unciated failures shall be the same as those for Reactive Windshear Systems.3.3.4 Predictive windshear systems should complement the functions of reactive windshear systems.3.3.5 Predictive windshear systems should be inhibited below 100 ft AGL during an approach and landing flight phases.3.4 Short
31、Range Predictive Alerting Systems:3.4.1 The short range system shall operate below approximately 1500 ft AGL, and should operate below 2500 ft AGL.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE AR
32、P4102/11 Revision C- 6 -3.4.2 The short range system should detect hazardous areas up to 1.5 nautical miles ahead even in heavy rain, up to 2 inches per hour (red radar return, 50 dBZ), and within 5 degrees of the track and flight path angle (10 degree cone), even with worst case drift angles (stron
33、g crosswinds). The short range system shall issue a Windshear Warning which conforms to 3.1.1 and 3.1.3 for threshold and cessation.3.4.3 If the short range system can also identify hazards beyond 1.5 miles in the absence of a long range predictive system and its display, it shall issue a Caution Le
34、vel Alert for detected events conforming to 3.1.2.3.4.4 The short range system should interface with Airborne Windshear Flight Guidance and/or Airborne Windshear AutoFlight Recovery systems, although automatic mode switching is not recommended.3.5 Long Range Predictive Alerting System:3.5.1 The long
35、 range system shall operate below approximately 2500 ft AGL.3.5.2 The long range system shall detect windshear within at least 5 nautical miles ahead, even in intervening rain up to 0.5 inches per hour (typical yellow/red threshold for weather radar, 40 dBZ), and within 45 degrees of the aircraft tr
36、ack and flight path angle (90 degree cone), including the capability to display the position with respect to the aircraft, and relative intensity of hazards.3.5.3 The long range system shall issue a Windshear Caution and aural alert upon detection of windshear greater than 1.5 nautical miles from th
37、e aircraft, or outside the 10 degree cone specified in 3.3.2 for detected events conforming to 3.1.2.3.5.4 Display of sensor data may be selected by pilot action or automatically. Pilot workload necessary to effect display of the most immediate and significant hazard zone shall be minimized.3.5.5 Th
38、e long range system shall not interface with Airborne Windshear Flight Guidance or Airborne Windshear AutoFlight Recovery systems for windshear greater than 1.5 nautical miles from the aircraft.3.5.6 The long range system shall conform to the requirements of the short range predictive alerting syste
39、m for events detected within 1.5 nautical miles of the aircraft. Displays should remain active.3.6 Airborne Windshear Flight Guidance and AutoFlight Recovery Systems:3.6.1 These systems should utilize the available kinetic and potential energy of the aircraft. If terrain contact is a consideration,
40、recovery guidance should provide commands to take advantage of all usable aircraft energy.3.6.2 These systems should take account of factors for guidance commands, such as height above the ground, vertical speed, shear severity, general aircraft aerodynamic characteristics, including configuration,
41、aircraft mass, rate of performance degradation, and aircraft limitations.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE ARP4102/11 Revision C- 7 -3.6.3 These systems shall not provide guidance whi
42、ch will result in the aircraft entering a flight condition beyond the bounds of demonstrated controllability.3.6.4 These systems shall provide guidance commands within normal flying skills. Such commands shall be compatible with those manual procedures as trained in the event of system failure.3.6.5
43、 The probability of misleading guidance commands shall be equal to or less than 10-5per flight hours or less.3.6.6 A Windshear Warning shall accompany the presentation of Windshear Flight Guidance or activation of the Windshear AutoFlight Recovery permitted under 3.4.9 or 3.4.10. Suitable mode annun
44、ciation shall be provided and any conflicting mode annunciation shall be withdrawn.3.6.7 During approach, selection of Windshear Flight Guidance and/or Windshear Auto Recovery should be accomplished by manual activation of the TOGA mode.3.6.8 Manual de-selection of Windshear Flight Guidance and Wind
45、shear Auto Recovery mode should be possible by means other than the TOGA switches.3.7 Flight Director Presentations of Windshear Flight Guidance:3.7.1 During takeoff (after liftoff) and climb phases, or during approach and go-around, Windshear Flight Guidance shall be automatically presented, regard
46、less of the previous status or mode of the guidance display (autopilot OFF).3.7.2 Windshear Flight Guidance shall be displayed on the PFD/ADI flight director, and Head Up Display if installed and normally capable of flight guidance presentations.3.7.3 Systems should, if applicable, inhibit or overri
47、de flight director pitch limits without exceeding aircraft performance limitations.3.7.4 Failure of the Windshear Flight Guidance shall remove any Windshear Flight Guidance system information from the flight director, and disengage the Windshear AutoFlight Recovery function.3.7.5 In the absence of a
48、 Windshear AutoFlight Recovery System, manual autopilot disconnection shall precede presentation of Windshear Flight Guidance (if the autopilot is engaged).3.8 Automatic Flight System Modes:3.8.1 Any Windshear AutoFlight Recovery System shall interface with both the autopilot and autothrottle/autoth
49、rust systems when activated.3.8.2 When the autopilot is disconnected or the autothrottle is disarmed, pilot action is required following a Windshear Warning, to engage a Windshear AutoFlight Recovery System.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE ARP4102/11 Revision C- 8 -3.8.3 When the autopilot is engaged and the autothrottle armed a
