1、AEROSPACERECOMMENDEDPRACTICEARP5288Issued 2001-05Transport Category AirplaneHead Up Display (HUD) SystemsTABLE OF CONTENTS1. SCOPE .51.1 Purpose52. REFERENCES .52.1 Applicable Documents .52.1.1 SAE Publications .52.1.2 FAA Publications62.1.3 Industry Documents .72.2 Related Documents .72.2.1 SAE Pub
2、lications .72.2.2 FAA Publications82.2.3 Industry Documents .82.2.4 Government Documents 82.2.5 Foreign Government Documents.82.2.6 Other Publications82.3 Abbreviations .93. DEFINITIONS.104. DISPLAY FUNCTION.104.1 General 104.2 Types of Applications.104.2.1 Supplemental Use114.2.2 Alternate Use .124
3、.2.3 Additional Credit Use .134.3 Primary Flight Reference Components14SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability fo
4、r any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2008
5、 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel:
6、 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org Reaffirmed 2008-01SAE ARP5288- 2 -TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)5. GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION.145.1 System Function 145.1.1 Intended Function 145.
7、1.2 AS8055 Compliance 145.1.3 Dual HUD Considerations145.2 Safety Assessment Guidelines 155.2.1 Functional Hazard Assessment Guidelines .155.2.2 System Safety Assessment Guidelines .225.2.3 Software Development Assurance.225.2.4 Hardware Design Assurance .225.3 Preflight Test Considerations.236. EQU
8、IPMENT INSTALLATION236.1 Location of HUD Displays and Controls.236.1.1 Systems Controls.236.1.2 Compatibility with Crew Duties.236.2 Field-of-View Issues.246.2.1 HUD Field-of-View (FOV).246.2.2 External View .256.2.3 HUD Display Viewing Angles.256.2.4 HUD Visibility .256.2.5 HUD Eye Reference Point
9、and Cockpit Design Eye Position 256.2.6 HUD Eyebox and Tolerances for Head Displacements from the DEP.266.2.7 HUD Alignment 276.3 Crew Safety .276.3.1 Head Clearance .276.3.2 Crashworthiness 276.3.3 Egress276.3.4 Combiner Clearance to Windshield Due to Bird Strike Deflections286.3.5 HUD Interface Wi
10、re Separation286.3.6 HUD Hardpoint Thermal Isolation 286.3.7 HUD Hardpoint Mechanical Installation .286.3.8 Modifications to Cockpit Furnishings286.3.9 Acoustic Considerations.287. DISPLAY VISUAL CHARACTERISTICS297.1 Visual Display Characteristics297.1.1 Symbol Positioning Accuracy (External) 297.1.
11、2 Symbol Positioning Alignment307.1.3 Dithering.307.1.4 Display Drift307.1.5 Line Width 30SAE ARP5288- 3 -TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)7.1.6 Display Jitter 307.1.7 Display Flicker307.1.8 Symbol Quality.307.1.9 Display Binocular Parallax Errors.307.2 Photometric Characteristics .327.2.1 HUD Luminance
12、.327.2.2 Luminance Uniformity 337.2.3 Display Contrast Ratio .347.2.4 HUD Combiner Transmissivity.347.2.5 HUD Combiner Real World Color Shift 347.2.6 Manual and Automatic Luminance Control 347.2.7 Combiner Performance357.2.8 Color Issues .367.3 Other Characteristics .377.4 Flicker 377.5 Dynamics .37
13、7.6 Raster Display Performance (Imaging Display) .387.6.1 HUD Symbology and Raster Display Compatibility387.6.2 Raster Resolution 387.6.3 Raster Luminance387.6.4 Raster Contrast Variation.387.6.5 Raster Low Level Luminance.387.6.6 Raster Luminance Uniformity.397.6.7 Raster Positional Accuracy 397.6.
14、8 Display Quality .397.6.9 Raster Display and Outside View Compatibility.397.6.10 Mixed Symbology and Video Operation.398. INFORMATION DISPLAY.408.1 General 408.1.1 Guidelines 408.1.2 Factors Influencing Deviations.408.1.3 Previously Substantiated Deviations418.2 Test Functions .418.3 Attitude.418.3
15、.1 General Requirements.418.3.2 Bank Reference Symbols.418.4 Flight Path428.5 Alphanumeric, Analog, and Combinations.428.6 Full-Time Versus Part Time Displays.43SAE ARP5288- 4 -TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)9. INFORMATION SEPARATION/SYMBOLOGY PRESENTATION439.1 Standard Symbology439.2 Symbol Position
16、.449.2.1 Position of Message or Symbol449.2.2 Evaluation 449.3 Clutter 449.4 Visual Attention-Getting Techniques459.5 Head Up/Head Down Display Compatibility.4610. SOURCES AND ANNUNCIATION .4710.1 Power Sources.4710.1.1 General Requirements.4710.1.2 Normal Versus Abnormal Bus Transients4710.2 Source
17、 Selection and Annunciation .4810.2.1 Independent Source Selection.4810.2.2 Primary/Single Navigation Source .4810.2.3 Multiple Navigation Sources.4810.2.4 Appropriate Navigation Source Annunciation 4810.2.5 Heading Source Reference4910.2.6 True Heading Considerations 4910.3 Mode Annunciation 4910.4
18、 Alerting Issues .4911. VERIFICATION CONSIDERATIONS .5011.1 Human Performance Testing .5011.1.1 Test Program Duration.5111.1.2 Test Program Personnel 5111.1.3 Previously Approved Systems .5111.1.4 Simulation 5111.2 Aircraft Environment Considerations5211.3 Optical Testing .5211.4 Unusual Attitude Re
19、covery Testing5212. GLOSSARY OF TERMS.53SAE ARP5288- 5 -1. SCOPE:The material provided in this document consists of recommendations related to the design, analysis, testing, and intended functions of head up displays (HUDs) for transport category airplanes. The content of the document is limited to
20、statements of general design and installation considerations, including display function criticality and compliance considerations; symbology, coding, clutter, dimensionality, and attention getting requirements; equipment installation; display visual characteristics; failure modes; information displ
21、ay and formatting; specific integrated display and mode; and system verification.1.1 Purpose:This document provides recommendations for certification criteria in the design, analysis, testing, and intended functions of head up display (HUD) systems used for guidance or flight control by the pilots o
22、f transport category airplanes.2. REFERENCES:2.1 Applicable Documents:The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the
23、text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained.2.1.1 SAE Publications: Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.AS8055 Minimum Performance Standards for A
24、irborne Head Up Display (HUD)ARP4761 Guidelines and Methods for Conducting the Safety Assessment on Civil Airborne Systems and EquipmentARP5287 Optical Measurement Procedures for Airborne Head Up Display (HUD)SAE ARP5288- 6 -2.1.2 FAA Publications: Available from Federal Aviation Administration, 800
25、 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20591.2.1.2.1 Regulations: Compliance with many sections of Part 25 of the FAR may be related to, or dependent on, cockpit displays, even though the regulations may not explicitly state display requirements. Some applicable Sections of Part 25, as amended thr
26、ough Amendment 25-54, are listed below:25.301 Loads25.303 Factor of safety25.305 Strength and deformation25.307 Proof of structure25.471 Ground loads: general25.561 Emergency landing conditions: general25.601 Design and construction: general25.603 Materials25.605 Fabrication methods25.607 Fasteners2
27、5.771 Pilot compartment25.773 Pilot compartment view25.775 Windshield and windows25.777 Cockpit controls25.803 Emergency evacuation25.853 Compartment interiors25.1301 Equipment: function and installation25.1303 Flight and navigation instruments25.1309 Equipment, systems, and installation25.1321 Inst
28、ruments: arrangement and visibility25.1322 Warning, caution, and advisory lights25.1323 Airspeed indicating systems25.1325 Static pressure systems25.1327 Magnetic direction indicator25.1331 Instruments using a power supply25.1333 Instrument systems25.1335 Flight director systems25.1357 Circuit prote
29、ctive devices25.1381 Instrument lights25.1431 Electronic equipment25.1501 Operating limitations and information25.1529 Instructions for continued airworthiness25.1545 Airspeed indicator25.1555 Control markings25.1581 Airplane flight manual: generalSAE ARP5288- 7 -2.1.2.2 Advisory Circulars:AC 25-11
30、Transport Category Airplane Electronic Display SystemsAC 25.773-1 Pilot Compartment View Design ConsiderationsAC/AMJ 25.1309 Systems Design and AnalysisAC 91-16 Category II Operations General Aviation AirplanesAC 120-28D Criteria for Approval of Category III Landing Weather Minima for Takeoff, Landi
31、ng, and RolloutAC 120-29 Criteria for Approving Category I and Category II Landing Minima for FAR 121 perators (Note: This document is being revised to Revision A)2.1.3 Industry Documents:RTCA DO-160 Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment (Note: DO-160 refers to the curr
32、ent revision of DO-160. The current revision at this writing is DO-160D)RTCA DO-178 Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification (Note: DO-178 refers to the current revision of DO-178. The current revision at this writing is DO-178B)RTCA DO-TBD Design Assurance Guidance fo
33、r Airborne Electronic Hardware (SC-180)2.2 Related Documents:The following documents are referenced for background information and do not form a part of this document.2.2.1 SAE Publications: Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.AIR1093 Numeral, Letter, and Symbol Dim
34、ensions for Aircraft Instrument DisplaysARP1161 Crew Station Lighting - Commercial AircraftARP1874 Design Objectives for CRT Displays for Transport AircraftAS8034 Minimum Performance Standards for Airborne Multipurpose Electronic DisplaysARP4032A Human Engineering Considerations in the Application o
35、f Color to Electronic Aircraft DisplaysARP4101 Flight Deck Layout and FacilitiesARP4101/2 Pilot Visibility from the Flight DeckARP4102 Flight Deck Panels, Controls and DisplaysARP4102/4 Flight Deck Alerting SystemARP4102/7 Electronic DisplaysARP4102/8A Flight Deck, Head Up Displays (HUD)ARP4102/10A
36、Collision Avoidance System (Advanced TCAS)ARP4102/11B Airborne Windshear SystemsARP4102/12 Airborne Landing Guidance System for Transport AircraftARP4105B Acronyms and Abbreviations for Use on the Flight DeckARP4754 Certification Considerations for Highly Integrated Complex Aircraft SystemsSAE ARP52
37、88- 8 -2.2.2 FAA Publications: Available from Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20591.DOT/FAA/RD-81/38 Aircraft Alerting Systems Standardization Study, Volume II. Aircraft AlertingSystem Design GuidelinesTSO-C113 Airborne Multipurpose Electronic Displays2.2
38、.3 Industry Documents:2.2.4 Government Documents:AFAMRL TR-83-95 Optical and Human Performance Evaluation of HUD Systems DesignCSERIAC SOAR-92-2 Human Factors Issues in Head Up Display Design: The Book of HUDFSWG TR-92-01 Head Up Display Design GuideMIL-STD-1241A Optical Terms and DefinitionsMIL-STD
39、-1787B Aircraft Display SymbologyNASA TM-103947 Test Techniques for Evaluating Flight Displays2.2.5 Foreign Government Documents:JAR-HUDS-901 Category 3 Operations with a Head Up DisplayJAR-HUDS-902 Category 2 Operations with a Head Up DisplayJAR-HUDS-903 Head Up Displays2.2.6 Other Publications:K.
40、R. Boff and J. E. Lincoln (eds.), Engineering Data Compendium. Human Perception and Performance, Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, 1988O. S. Heavens and R. W. Ditchburn, Insight into Optics, New York: Wiley, 1991R. L. Newman, Head Up Displays: Designing the Way Ahead, Aldershot Englan
41、d: Avebury Technical Publications, 1995SAE ARP5288- 9 -2.3 Abbreviations:ADF Automatic Direction FinderAFCS Automatic Flight Control SystemAFM Airplane Flight ManualAH Alert HeightALS Automatic Landing SystemALSF Approach Lighting Sequence FlashersAOA Angle of AttackCAT I, II, III See Section 3cd Ca
42、ndelasCDI Course Deviation IndicatorCHMB Cockpit Head Motion BoxCR Contrast RatioCRT Cathode Ray TubeDA(H) Decision Altitude(Height)DEP Design Eye PositionDH Decision HeightDME Distance Measuring EquipmentEADI Electronic Attitude Director IndicatorERP Eye Reference PointFAA Federal Aviation Administ
43、rationFAR Federal Aviation RegulationsFHA Functional Hazard AssessmentfL Foot-LambertsFOV Field-Of-ViewGPS Global Positioning SystemHAT Height Above ThresholdHDD Head Down DisplayHSI Horizontal Situation IndicatorHUD Head Up DisplayIAS Indicated AirspeedIFOV Instantaneous Field Of ViewIFR Instrument
44、 Flight RulesILS Instrument Landing SystemINS Inertial Navigation SystemLCD Liquid Crystal DisplayMCDU Multifunction Control Display UnitMDA Minimum Descent AltitudeMEL Minimum Equipment ListMLS Microwave Landing SystemNCD No Computed DataPFD Primary Flight DisplayPFR Primary Flight ReferencePLI Pit
45、ch Limit IndicatorPSSA Preliminary System Safety AssessmentSAE ARP5288- 10 -2.3 (Continued):RSS Root Sum SquareSSA System Safety AssessmentTCAS Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance SystemUA Unusual AttitudesUAR Unusual Attitude RecoveryVFR Visual Flight RulesVMOMaximum Operating VelocityVOR Very Hi
46、gh Frequency Omnirange Station3. DEFINITIONS:The word “shall“ is used to express an essential (mandatory) requirement. Compliance requires that there be no deviation.The word “should“ is used to express a recommendation. Deviation from the specified recommendation may require justification.Definitio
47、ns of other words used in this document shall be as noted in Section 12, Glossary of Terms.4. DISPLAY FUNCTION:4.1 General:A HUD is intended to provide the pilot with information that is useful for a particular aircraft task or operation. In most applications (see 4.2), the HUD provides an additiona
48、l indication of primary flight references which allow the pilot to rapidly evaluate the aircraft attitude, energy status, and position during the phases of flight for which the HUD is designed. Many HUD installations have been quite effective for use in terminal area operations, specifically takeoff
49、, approach, landing, and go-around.A common objective of HUD information presentation is to enhance pilot performance in such areas as the transition between instrument and visual flight in variable visibility situations, “black hole” approaches, runway slope illusions, wind shear conditions, instrument takeoffs, and missed approaches.4.2 Types of Applications:The following definitions of HUD applications are based on functional usage that may vary with the phase of flight. The category of HUD use, as defined in the following paragraphs, therefore may also vary with the phase of
