1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2017 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publi
3、cation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (out
4、side USA)Fax: 724-776-0790Email: CustomerServicesae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on thisTechnical Report, please visithttp:/standards.sae.org/ARP577EAEROSPACERECOMMENDED PRACTICEARP577 REV. EIssued 1960-03Revised 2017-02Superseding ARP577D(R) Emerge
5、ncy, Instruction and Information Placards Internal and ExternalRATIONALEThis document is being revised to update language, requirements, organization, and formatting; and to standardize placard design and comprehension testing. 1. SCOPEThis SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) specifies criteria
6、 for the design, development, standardization, and comprehension testing of placards containing pictures, drawings, symbols, and/or written instructions for locating and operating aircraft emergency equipment. This ARP also provides guidance in the selection and implementation of warning placards in
7、tended to instruct occupants inside, and rescue personnel outside, the aircraft.1.1 PurposeThe purpose of this ARP is to assist manufacturers, operators, placard designers and OEMs in producing and installing standardized, well-comprehended placarding.2. REFERENCES2.1 Applicable DocumentsThe followi
8、ng publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In theevent of conflict between the text of this document and refe
9、rences cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained.2.1.1 SAE PublicationsAvailable from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel:
10、 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.Reference 1 ARP503 - Emergency Evacuation IlluminationReference 2 CAESAR 3-D - Anthropometric DatabaseSAE INTERNATIONAL ARP577E Page 2 of 62.1.2 U.S. Government Publications Copies of these documents are available on
11、line at http:/quicksearch.dla.mil.U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14, Part 25 Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes 25.811 Emergency Exit Marking.2.2 Other PublicationsReference 3 Sanders, M. S. and McCormick, E. J.: Human Factors in Engineering and Design, 7th ed. McGraw-Hil
12、l Book Company, New York, NY, 1993.Reference 4 ANSI Z535.1 - 6: American National Standard: Product Safety Signs and Labels, Published by National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 1847, Rosslyn, VA 22209, (2011).Reference 5 Miller, J., Frantz, J., and Rhoades, T.:
13、A Model for Designing and Evaluating Product Information, published in the 1991 Proceedings of the Human Factors Society, pp. 1063-1067, P.O. Box 1369, Santa Monica, CA 90406.Reference 6 ISO 9186, Graphical symbols - Test methods, International Organization for Standardization, ISO Central Secretari
14、at, 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland2.3 Definitions2.3.1 EMERGENCY PLACARDAny durable visual signage that provides instructions for locating emergency equipment, operating that equipment, or warning users about potential and existing hazards. Emergency equipment includ
15、es inflatable slides and other escape devices, life rafts, remote or supplemental survival kits, fire extinguishers, life jackets, oxygen masks, and such other items as might be used or operated in emergency conditions.2.3.2 INSTRUCTION PLACARDAny durable visual signage that requires an action from
16、either the crew, maintenance personnel, cleaning personnel or passengers (for example: Fasten Seat Belt while seated, how to operate emergency equipment).2.3.3 INFORMATION PLACARDAny durable visual signage that provides information to either the crew, maintenance personnel, cleaning personnel or pas
17、sengers (for example: Life Vest under your seat).2.3.4 FAVORABLE VIEWING CONDITIONSConditions in which placard foreground elements (words, pictures, drawings, symbols, etc.) are presented clearly and in high contrast to the background, with sufficient illumination and viewing time for recognition an
18、d comprehension. Viewing conditions are degraded if any of these factors is compromised.2.3.5 LOCATION PLACARDSignage that identifies the place of equipment stowage.2.3.6 WARNING PLACARDSignage that alerts a person to the potential for or presence of a hazard, indicating the need for additional eval
19、uation of its nature, probability, and magnitude, as well as the potential need for additional information. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP577E Page 3 of 62.3.7 PICTORIAL PRESENTATIONInformation presented either by photograph or illustration. May be realistic or abstract.2.3.8 ABSTRACT PICTORIAL PRESENTATIONA
20、n illustration, such as a symbol, that is comprehensible only with prior instruction.2.3.9 REALISTIC PICTORIAL PRESENTATIONA pictographic illustration that is comprehensible without prior instruction (e.g., most photographs and “life-like” illustrations), and usually considered culture- and language
21、-free.2.4 Mandating and Recommending CriteriaShall: Indicates a mandatory criterion.Should: Indicates a criterion for which an alternative, including non-compliance, may be applied if it is documented and justified.3. GENERAL GUIDANCE A realistic pictorial presentation should be used whenever possib
22、le to convey information on equipment location and operation. A written word or phrase shall be used if the pictorial presentation alone is inadequate to provide effective information transfer or if the word(s) increases general comprehension of the placard. Unnecessary words should be eliminated.An
23、 abstract pictorial presentation (e.g., the picture of a red circle and slash to indicate “prohibition”) may be used if it is widely understood by the intended users.Placard letters, characters, pictures, and symbols shall appear upright to the intended user.Design, comprehension testing, and implem
24、entation of placards should be conducted in accordance with ANSI Z535 (Reference 4) or ISO 9186, (Reference 6). A success criterion of 85% correct responses is considered successful comprehension. However, standardized placards identified in Reference 4 may be implemented without furthercomprehensio
25、n testing.4. WRITTEN INSTRUCTIONSDISCLAIMER: This section is for English language only. For placards in other languages the content of this chapter should be considered as much as possible.4.1 Text shall be rendered in mixed upper and lower case type. Only the first letter of the first word in a sen
26、tence should be capitalized, since sentences with all upper case letters take longer to read. A single word or short phrase may be rendered in upper case type to provide emphasis (Reference 4, Section 2).4.2 Instructions shall be arranged so as to be followed in the correct order. Separated words an
27、d phrases shall be delimited, using numbers, arrows, bullets, etc., to indicate procedural order.4.3 Short sentences with short, easily comprehensible words should be used.4.4 Abbreviations should be avoided, except where shown via testing to be effective.SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP577E Page 4 of 64.5 For
28、 clarity, fonts of a simple form like Arial, Calibri, Times New Roman, Helvetica Medium etc. shall be used. Sans serif type fonts may be used for short words. Serif type fonts should be limited to placards having a large amount of text.4.6 An outline format should be used whenever possible for text,
29、 because of its generally improved readability over a continuous format. Examples of each type of format follow:a. Continuous Format: This hatch may be opened by lifting the cover, grabbing the handle and pulling it toward you.b. Outline Format:To open hatchLift coverGrab handlePull it toward you4.7
30、 Letters or numerals shall be rendered as follows (Reference 4, Section 2):a. no flourishes shall be used;b. critical details shall be simple and prominent;c. character features such as openings and breaks shall be readily apparent;d. stroke width-to-height for black letters on white background shal
31、l be between 1:6 and 1:8;e. letter width-to-height shall be between 1:1 and 1:5;f. numeral width-to-height shall be 3:5;g. stroke width-to-height for white letters on a black background shall be between 1:7 and 1:10.5. PICTORIAL INSTRUCTIONS5.1 Instructions should display the intended information in
32、 a realistic, rather than an abstract, manner, except where an abstract representation (e.g., symbol) has been shown via testing to be comprehended by the range of intended users. Comprehension testing of candidate pictorials and symbols should be conducted in accordance with Reference 4, section 3.
33、5.2 An instructional placard showing two or more operations shall indicate the procedural order. Numbers, arrows, letters, etc., should be used to indicate the order in which pictorial instructions are to be followed.5.3 Distortion of pictorial displays may be used to increase comprehension of the m
34、essage. For example, the color or size of an important element, such as a door handle, may be emphasized to draw a persons attention. Suchdistortion shall not degrade comprehension of the message.6. MINIMUM PICTURE AND WORD SIZEThe minimum letter height and size of, or distance between, elements of
35、a picture shall subtend at least 20 minutes of arc in favorable viewing conditions, at least 40 minutes of arc in moderate viewing conditions, and at least 50 minutes of arc in poor viewing conditions (Table 1; see Reference 4, Section 2 for more detailed information).SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP577E Page
36、5 of 6Table 1 - Minimum letter height by viewing condition Letter Height Favorable Moderate Poor0.40 inch (10 mm) X0.30 inch (8 mm) X0.16 inch (4 mm) XMinutes of Arc 20 40 50NOTE: The viewing distance for Table 1 is up to 27 inch (0.7 m). For other viewing distances, letter heights (and distances be
37、tween elements) can be calculated for the various viewing conditions using Equation 1:(Eq. 1)7. PLACARD AND BACKGROUND COLOR COMBINATIONSForeground pictures, words, or symbols should be of a different color than the background. Some color combinations provide greater clarity than others, depending o
38、n shade, saturation, and intensity (see Table 2), as well as the color and brightness of illumination. Backgrounds with high reflectivity such as metallic silver should be avoided but if chosen it should be assured that the contrast between background and foreground color is equivalent to a non-high
39、-reflecting backround. Generally, foreground figures should be of a darker color than the background; however, a light-colored figure on a dark background (e.g., white on black) may be used where ambient background conditions favor such use or where standardized signage outside the aircraft environm
40、ent has provided general prior knowledge of the message. (see Reference 4, Section 3).Illumination of a placard shall, at a minimum, comply with the specifications in Reference 1.Table 2 - Legibility by color combinationLegibility Rating Color CombinationGood Black on White (Best)Black on YellowWhit
41、e on BlackDark Blue on WhiteGrass Green on WhiteFair Red on WhiteRed on YellowPoor Green on RedRed on GreenRed on BlueBlue on RedOrange on BlackOrange on WhiteSAE INTERNATIONAL ARP577E Page 6 of 68. PLACARD PLACEMENT8.1 Location Placard Placement8.1.1 A location placard shall be placed so as to draw
42、 attention to the equipment to which it refers. 8.1.2 A location placard situated away from its associated equipment shall indicate the direction to the equipment.8.1.3 A location placard shall be placed on any equipment enclosure provided and shall be readily visible from all normal directions of a
43、pproach.8.1.4 A location placard referring to two or more types of equipment housed together should clearly identify each equipment type. The format of the placard should use informational or organizational principles that aid in understanding that there are two or more types of equipment located th
44、ere (Reference 4, Section 4).8.1.5 An interior placard should be placed to be readily visible by adults ranging in height from the 5th percentile female to the 95th percentile male (Reference 2).8.1.6 An external placard should be placed to be readily visible from positions on the ground or on ramp
45、equipment, as appropriate, by adults ranging in height from the 5th percentile female to the 95th percentile male.8.2 Instruction Placard Placement8.2.1 An instruction placard shall be placed on, or as close as is practicable to, the equipment to which it refers.8.2.2 An instruction placard shall in
46、dicate the method of operation and specify the function of the control(s) for the equipment to which it refers. 8.3 Warning Placard Placement8.3.1 A warning placard shall be provided for a (potentially) hazardous condition related to the use or misuse of equipment, as well as applicable standards an
47、d regulations, particularly with regard to use by untrained personnel. The placard should be implemented in accordance with Reference 4, sections 2, 3, and 4.8.3.2 A warning placard shall be placed such that attention is drawn to a potential hazard identified with a piece of equipment or with some p
48、ossible behavior on the part of passengers or crew that could result in injury or damage (Reference 5). 9. NOTES9.1 Revision IndicatorA change bar (l) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locating areas where technical revisions, not editorial changes, have been made to t
49、he previous issue of this document. An (R) symbol to the left of the document title indicates a complete revision of the document, including technical revisions. Change bars and (R) are not used in original publications, nor in documents that contain editorial changes only.PREPARED BY SAE COMMITTEE S-9, CABIN SAFETY PROVISIONS
