1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2010 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m
3、ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside U
4、SA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedbackon this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J1711_201006SURFACEVEHICLERECOMMENDEDPRACTICEJ1711 JUN2010 Issued 1999-03 Revised 2010-06Supers
5、eding J1711 MAR1999 (R) Recommended Practice for Measuring the Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Economy of Hybrid-Electric Vehicles, Including Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles RATIONALE Hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) technology has progressed significantly since the original publication of SAE standard J1711. The H
6、EV has been in production for over a decade and parts of the original procedure have successfully addressed charge-sustaining HEVs. However, at the time of this revision, plug-in hybrid technology has experienced rapid development. As such, the procedures to address this technology needed to be revi
7、sited and modified to accommodate the operational possibilities demonstrated by the diverse set of working prototypes and simulated vehicles in the literature. Also, the list of standard test procedures addressed in SAE J1711 has been expanded to cover all five major test cycle procedures (UDDS, HFE
8、DS, US06, SC03, and Cold FTP) now being used to evaluate vehicle fuel economy. FOREWORD Advances in electric powertrain components and computer controls have enabled the widespread development of practical hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs). HEVs combine the powertrain elements of conventional vehicles
9、 and electric vehicles (EVs) and demonstrate substantially reduced fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. One obstacle to the development of commercial HEVs has been the absence of a broadly applicable and widely accepted procedure for measuring HEV exhaust emissions and fuel economy. In the Fall o
10、f 1992, the Light-Duty Vehicle Performance and Economy Measurement Standards Committee of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) established a task force to develop a recommended practice for the uniform testing of HEVs. This HEV task force followed a similar SAE effort to develop a recommended p
11、ractice for the testing of EVs, which resulted in the publication of SAE J1634. The SAE J1711 was published in 1999. HEVs became more mainstream throughout the first decade of the 21stcentury. In 2002, SAE published a related document, SAE J2711, “Recommended Practice for Measuring Fuel Economy and
12、Emissions of Hybrid-Electric and Conventional Heavy-Duty Vehicles.” Development in battery technology continued to a point where manufactures began to make commitments to produce plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs) HEVs that are designed to be charged from the grid. In 2006, a new task force wa
13、s formed to revise the expired SAE J1711-1999, with a major objective to further develop the section relating to PHEVs. The SAE J1711 task force comprised of SAE members employed at major OEMs, automotive suppliers, U.S. Department of Energy laboratories, Environment Canada, U.S. Environmental Prote
14、ction Agency and the California Air Resources Board (all task force members provide professional input, they do not necessarily reflect employer positions). The lessons learned over the years of research, as well as the emergence of a cottage industry that converts production hybrids to plug-in hybr
15、ids, has helped to further develop the procedures for this revision. Prototype vehicles from conversion companies, Argonne National Laboratory, and one original equipment manufacturer were used to help develop the procedures. In support of SAE J1711, vehicles were tested at Argonne National Laborato
16、ry, Chrysler, Californias Air Resources Board, and Environment Canada. The sustained efforts of all participant organizations and individuals in this complex task are greatly appreciated. The task force members realize that both the technology and methodology for testing PHEVs are relatively new, an
17、d it is likely that more lessons will be learned as new-technology HEVs are tested in practice. Procedure advancements in the coming years may require that this document be refined once again. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networki
18、ng permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J1711 Revised JUN2010 Page 2 of 63TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 31.1 Requirements Used to Develop the Recommended Practice 31.2 Overview of the Recommended Practice 42. REFERENCES 42.1 Applicable Publications . 43. DEFINITIONS . 53.1 General . 53.2 Vehicle
19、83.3 Battery . 103.4 Capacitor . 103.5 Electromechanical Flywheel . 103.6 Driving Schedules . 113.7 State-of-Charge (SOC) Terminology 123.8 Net Energy Change (NEC) Tolerances . 133.9 FCT End-of-Test (EOT) Criterion 154. TEST PROCEDURES . 174.1 Test Conditions . 174.2 Test Instrumentation . 204.3 Exh
20、aust Emissions and Fuel Economy Tests . 205. CS HEV CALCULATIONS 415.1 CS HEV Exhaust Emissions . 415.2 CS HEV Fuel Economy . 436. PHEV CALCULATIONS 466.1 Range Calculations . 466.2 PHEV Exhaust Emissions . 486.3 AC Wh Energy Consumption Calculations for Each Cycle in FCT 526.4 PHEV Fuel Economy and
21、 Electric Energy Consumption 537. NOTES 577.1 Marginal Indicia . 57APPENDIX A UTILITY FACTOR . 58 APPENDIX B ALTERNATIVE RESULTS CALCULATIONS . 60 APPENDIX C NEC CORRECTION TECHNIQUES . 61 APPENDIX D EXAMPLE FCT TEST SEQUENCE 63 Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot f
22、or ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J1711 Revised JUN2010 Page 3 of 631. SCOPE This Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Recommended Practice establishes uniform chassis dynamometer test procedures for hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) that are designed t
23、o be driven on public roads. The procedure provides instructions for measuring and calculating the exhaust emissions and fuel economy of HEVs driven on the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) and the Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule (HFEDS), as well as the exhaust emissions of HEVs driven
24、 on the US06 Driving Schedule (US06) and the SC03 Driving Schedule (SC03). However, the procedures are structured so that other driving schedules may be substituted, provided that the corresponding preparatory procedures, test lengths, and weighting factors are modified accordingly. Furthermore, thi
25、s document does not specify which emissions constituents to measure (e.g., HC, CO, NOx, CO2); instead, that decision will depend on the objectives of the tester. The emissions calculations for plug-in hybrid-electric vehicle (PHEV) operation are provided as inventory results, weighted in the same ma
26、nner as fuel and electrical energy consumption. Decisions for on-board versus off-board emissions, relative benefits of emissions-free driving, and how best to weight a “cold-start” cycle in charge-depleting (CD) mode must first be made before a certification methodology can be determined. Thus, cal
27、culations or test methodology intended to certify a PHEV for compliance of emissions standards is beyond the scope of this document. For purposes of this test procedure, an HEV is defined as a road vehicle that can draw propulsion energy from both of the following sources of stored energy: (1) a con
28、sumable fuel and (2) a rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) that is recharged by the on-board hybrid propulsion system, an external electric energy source, or both. Consumable fuels that are covered by this document are limited to petroleum-based liquid fuels (e.g., gasoline and Diesel fuel), a
29、lcohol-based liquid fuels (e.g., methanol and ethanol), and hydrocarbon-based gaseous fuels (e.g., compressed natural gas). The RESSs that are covered by this document include batteries, capacitors, and electromechanical flywheels. Procedures are included to test CD operating modes of HEVs designed
30、to be routinely charged off-board, and calculations are provided that combine the CD and charge-sustaining (CS) behavior according to in-use driving statistics. The HEVs shall have an RESS with a nominal energy 2% of the fuel consumption energy of a particular test cycle to qualify to be tested with
31、 the procedures contained in this document. Single-roll, electric dynamometer test procedures are specified to minimize the test-to-test variations inherent in track testing and to conform to standard industry practice for exhaust emissions and fuel economy measurements. This document does not inclu
32、de test procedures for recharge-dependent (RD) operating modes or vehicles (see 3.1.2 for the definition). This document does not address the methods or equations necessary to calculate the adjusted U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) label miles per gallon (MPG) (sometimes referred to “EPA 5
33、-Cycle” calculations). 1.1 Requirements Used to Develop the Recommended Practice The overall goal in developing this document was to allow the testing of any HEV on a fair and comparable basis with conventional vehicles, electric vehicles (EVs), and other HEVs. Meeting this goal required satisfying
34、the following requirements: a. This document shall provide a recommended practice to measure the exhaust emissions and fuel economy of any type of HEV design or control strategy, as defined in Section 1. b. Determination of representative exhaust emissions and fuel economy shall account for the driv
35、ers usage of external charging and estimations of driving distance between charging and the usage of driver-selected operating modes, if applicable. c. The EVs and conventional vehicles tested according to this document shall yield the same results as if tested on the test procedures currently estab
36、lished for such vehicles. d. Measurement methods and driving schedules shall be consistent with those used in existing test procedures for EVs and conventional vehicles. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without li
37、cense from IHS-,-,-SAE J1711 Revised JUN2010 Page 4 of 63e. Testing should not require defeating or otherwise forcing a vehicles control system to perform differently from how it would perform in the drivers hands. f. This document shall provide a technical foundation to assist government regulatory
38、 agencies in developing emissions and fuel economy certification and compliance tests for HEVs. g. This document shall be as short and simple as possible. 1.2 Overview of the Recommended Practice This document consists of three basic steps: (1) classifying the HEV, (2) testing the vehicle for each t
39、est cycle, and (3) weighting the results. 1.2.1 Classifying the HEV Classify the vehicle by obtaining the following information from the manufacturer: a. RESSIdentify the RESS (i.e., battery, capacitor, or electromechanical flywheel). b. External Charge CapabilityDetermine whether the RESS is design
40、ed to be recharged from an external (off-board) electric energy source. All HEVs are tested according to the charge-sustaining tests, only externally charged HEVs (PHEVs) require charge-depleting tests. If the HEV does have external charging capability, but this capability is intended solely for inf
41、requent RESS conditioning and is not recommended for routine use, then the HEV shall not be classified as a PHEV. 1.2.2 Testing to Each Cycle Procedure Five separate procedures are provided in this document (Section 4). PHEVs require both depleting mode tests and sustaining mode tests. Charge-sustai
42、ning HEVs only require charge-sustaining tests. 1.2.3 Weighting the Results For PHEVs, the charge-depleting results can be merged with the charge-sustaining results according to the estimations of distance between charge and daily driving distances (see Section 6). 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Publi
43、cations The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issues of the SAE and the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) publications shall apply. 2.1.1 SAE Publications The SAE publications are available from SAE, 400 Co
44、mmonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, 15096-0001; Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside the USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside the USA), www.sae.org.SAE J1634 Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption and Range Test Procedure SAE J1715 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Petroleum-Equivalent Fuel Economy Calculation 40 C
45、FR Part 86 Control of Air Pollution from New and In-Use Motor Vehicles and New and In-Use Motor Vehicle Engines; Certification and Test Procedure 40 CFR Part 600 Fuel Economy of Motor Vehicles 3. DEFINITIONS 3.1 General 3.1.1 Hybrid-Electric Vehicle (HEV) Defined as a road vehicle that can draw prop
46、ulsion energy from both of the following sources of stored energy: (1) a consumable fuel and (2) an RESS that is recharged by an electric motor-generator system, an external electric energy source, or both. 3.1.2 Recharge-Dependent (RD) A classification describing a particular vehicle or driver-sele
47、cted operating mode in a PHEV in which either or both of the following conditions occur while no other mode is selected: (1) vehicle propulsion is eventually no longer possible if the RESS is never recharged from an external electric energy source, even though the supply of consumable fuel is contin
48、ually replenished, and (2) the driver is eventually warned or instructed by the vehicle to discontinue driving in this operating mode because the RESS contains too low of a supply of energy. The EV operating modes (with no automatic engagement of the engine or hybrid power unit) in PHEVs are always
49、considered to be RD. On the same HEV, it is possible for one HEV operating mode to be classified as RD and another HEV operating mode not to be classified as RD. The scope of this document does not cover RD PHEVs or operating modes.3.1.3 Recharge-Independent (RI) A classification describing a particular vehicle or driver-selected operating mode
