1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2010 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m
3、ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)
4、 Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedbackon this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J361_201006SURFACEVEHICLERECOMMENDEDPRACTICEJ361 JUN2010 Issued 1968-09 Revised 2010-06Superseding
5、 J361 JAN2003 Procedure for Visual Evaluation of Interior and Exterior Automotive Trim RATIONALE Updated publication documents titles were added to the References. Minor word changes in 3.2.4 and 7.2. Updated publication title in 4.1.1. Added reference to note in 5.3 and added note 10.1 including vi
6、ewing surface foam resource. Word changes in 7.2 to clearly define the location of viewing under the lighting source. 1. SCOPE This SAE Recommended Practice applies to parts and materials used in vehicle manufacture which are intended to be acceptable color matches to a specified standard. This docu
7、ment is intended for use with parts or materials which are opaque or nearly so. Materials covered by this document include topcoat paint finishes, interior soft trim, interior and exterior hard trim, and exterior film and flexible trim. 1.1 Purpose The intent of this document is to precisely specify
8、 procedures for the visual evaluation of appearance of colored materials or parts incorporated in the manufacture of vehicles. The document provides a consistent engineering practice for the determination of visual color difference between materials or parts of the same or like materials. A suitable
9、 fixture providing daylight, fluorescent, and horizon lighting conditions is necessary for this evaluation. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Publications The following publications form a part of the specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE public
10、ations shall apply. 2.1.1 ASTM Publications Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org.ASTM E 284 Standard Terminology of Appearance ASTM E 308 Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by usi
11、ng the CIE System ASTM E 1499 Standard Guide for Selection, Evaluation and Training of Observers Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J361 Revised JUN2010 Page 2 of 112.1.2 CIE Publica
12、tion Available from USNC-CIE Publications Office, TLA Lighting Consultants, 7 Pond St., Salem, MA, 01970, www.cie-usnc.org.CIE Publication 51.2 Method for Assessing the Quality of Daylight Simulators for Colorimetry 2.2 Related Publications The following publications are provided for information pur
13、poses only and are not a required part of this document. 2.2.1 ASTM Publication Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org.ASTM D 1729 Standard Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color Difference
14、s of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials 2.2.2 Wiley Publication Available from Wiley Publishers, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, Tel: 201-748-6000. .Billmeyer and Saltzmans Principles of Color Technology, 3rdEdition, by Roy S. Berns, April 2000 3. DEFINITIONS 3.1 Master Standard, Sampl
15、e 3.1.1 Master Standard The appropriately identified engineering approved standard sample against which specified similar materials are evaluated. 3.1.2 Sample The material or part that is evaluated for color and appearance match to the master standard. 3.2 Color Attributes The color of a material c
16、an be described by four basic attributes. Figure 1 shows a diagram of Munsell hue, value, and chroma and their relationship to one another. FIGURE 1 - MUNSELL HUE, VALUE, AND CHROMA DIAGRAM Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking
17、permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J361 Revised JUN2010 Page 3 of 113.2.1 Hue The attribute of color perception by means of which an object is judged to be red, yellow, green, blue, or intermediate between some adjacent pair of these. 3.2.2 Value The attribute of color perception by means of
18、 which an object is judged to appear light or dark relative to an object of the same hue and chroma. 3.2.3 Chroma The attribute of color perception that expresses the degree of departure from gray, toward the pure hue, at the same value and hue. 3.2.4 Metallic Brilliance Departure from solid color (
19、straight shade) appearance to a highly metallic or opalescent appearance, often accompanied by a change in the angle of viewing (goniochromatic effect). 3.2.5 Goniochromatism Change in value/lightness, hue or chroma of a specimen upon change in angular illuminating or viewing conditions but without
20、change in light source or observer. When two specimens are compared to each other, they may or may not exhibit metamerism in addition to differences in goniochromatism. They should also be viewed under different lights to check for metamerism. (Reference ASTM E 284) 3.3 Metamerism Property of two sp
21、ecimens that match under a specified illuminator and to a specified observer and whose spectral reflectances or transmittances differ in the visible wavelengths. (Reference ASTM E 284) 3.3.1 Illuminant Metamerism Occurs when two objects match under one light source, but do not match under a differen
22、t light source. This results when the objects have different spectral reflectance curves but the same color coordinates for one set of viewing conditions. 3.3.2 Observer Metamerism Occurs when a metameric pair matches for one person but fails to match when seen by another person under the same viewi
23、ng conditions. 3.3.3 Field Size Metamerism Occurs when the field size changes, for example from 2 degrees to 10 degrees. A metameric pair which matches when seen at a distance (small field of view) may no longer match when seen closer to the eyes (large field of view). 4. EQUIPMENT The proper lighti
24、ng unit(s) and measuring equipment are essential for consistent appearance evaluation. Figure 2 shows the critical dimensions and relative positions of an examination perch/stand and lighting sources. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or
25、networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J361 Revised JUN2010 Page 4 of 11FIGURE 2 - RECOMMENDED INSTALLATION FOR LIGHTING UNIT(S) 4.1 Lighting Unit(s) Each color evaluation area shall be provided with an overhead lighting unit (along with an accompanying material examination perch/stan
26、d) capable of broadcasting the following lighting conditions: 4.1.1 Daylight capable of providing a color temperature of 6500 K 200 K at an illuminance of 1080 to 1730 lux (100 to 160 ft-candles). This source is typically provided by filtered Tungsten Halogen Lamps. The resulting spectral power dist
27、ribution of the incident light must be maintained to conform to ASTM E 308 and CIE Publication 51.2. 4.1.2 Cool White Fluorescent (CWF) capable of providing a color temperature of 4150 K 200 K at a minimum illuminance of 860 lux (80 ft-candles). This source is typically provided by Cool White Fluore
28、scent tubes. 4.1.3 Simulated horizon sunlight source providing a color temperature of 2300 K 200 K at a minimum illuminance of 860 lux (80 ft-candles). This source is typically provided by Tungsten Halogen Lamps to simulate early morning sunrise or late afternoon sunset conditions. 4.1.4 As an optio
29、n, an ultraviolet lighting source (no Kelvin value associated) can be used alone or in combination with any of the previous light sources to exaggerate the effects of optical brighteners, whitening agents, fluorescent pigments, dyes, or resins. DO NOT USE ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT FOR A COLOR MATCH DECISION
30、. DO NOT LOOK DIRECTLY INTO A ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT SOURCE BECAUSE EYE DAMAGE CAN OCCUR FROM PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO UV LIGHT. 4.1.5 Input Voltage Follow manufacturers installation instructions for proper input voltage requirements. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for
31、 ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J361 Revised JUN2010 Page 5 of 114.2 Lighting Booths As a minimal condition, a light booth can be utilized for color evaluation purposes only if agreed upon by the customer and supplier. The booth should be placed so tha
32、t it is at least 1070 mm (42 in) above floor level and should be set-up so that direct viewing into the booth is possible. 4.3 Light Meter A calibrated light meter is required for checking the intensity levels of the lighting sources. 4.4 Color Temperature Measuring Instrument A spectro-radiometer o
33、r colorimeter must be used to check color temperature of the light sources. These units must be calibrated using a NIST traceable 6500 K source 5. VIEWING ENVIRONMENT To perform accurate visual color matching, the viewing environment must be set up and maintained to be consistent with other location
34、s in the industry. (Refer to Appendix B, Environmental Evaluation Checklist.) 5.1 Perch and Surround Color of Perch and surround shall be neutral gray, defined as Munsell N6-N7 (L*61-71) with a maximum Chroma C*= 1.0, visually appearing neutral. 5.2 Ambient Light The light units and examination perc
35、h shall be placed in an area that WILL NOT ADMIT ambient light into the viewing environment. 5.2.1 Enclosed Room An enclosed room is the preferred location for the installation of the light units. The walls shall be painted with Munsell N6-N7 (L*61-71) flat paint. (This paint is available from any m
36、ajor supplier.) Adequate ventilation of the room must be provided to prevent overheating of the lamps. 5.2.2 Enclosing Curtain If a room is not available, an enclosing curtain will be suitable. The curtain must be dull in finish and the color must be asclose as possible to Munsell N6-N7 (L*61-71). C
37、urtain must also be dense enough to prevent ambient light penetration and must surround the viewing area. A minimum distance of 914 mm (3 ft) must be maintained between the enclosure or curtain and the front of the perch to allow proper viewing from all directions. 5.3 Examination Perch Gray foam ma
38、tting, Munsell N6-N7 (L*61-71), napped knit fabric or carpet shall be used on the perch surface. The material shall be suitably textured so that materials and parts will not slide off the perch. As an option, a napped knit fabric, black in Color, Munsell N 0.5-N1.5 (L*5.1-15.4) with a maximum Chroma
39、 C* of 1.0, visually appearing neutral, can be used provided that it is located on a separate examination perch/stand or is able to be easily removed from the primary perch/stand. (Refer to 10.1, Foam for Viewing Surface.) The optional black perch material helps in eliminating random specular reflec
40、tions, and is helpful when viewing dark colors or parts at the deep flop angle. Use of this alternate black perch material should be noted with the color comments. Comply with Figure 2 for perch dimensions. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproducti
41、on or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J361 Revised JUN2010 Page 6 of 116. MAINTENANCE Consistency of correlated color temperature, light levels (illuminance) and spectral power distribution among all locations within the lighting unit must be certified by the manufacturer. Prop
42、er maintenance of the lighting unit, in accordance with the manufacturers recommendation, is essential to ensure consistent lighting conditions over time and with respect to other units. A checklist for environmental evaluation is provided in Appendix A. 6.1 Diffuser The diffuser should be cleaned e
43、very 3 months with a glass cleaner. 6.2 Daylight Filters The Daylight filters should be cleaned and checked for cracks every six months. These filters should be cleaned with a non-streaking glass cleaner and allowed to air dry. (CAUTION: Allow adequate cooling of the daylight filters and lamps befor
44、e attempting to remove.) If filter replacement is required, replacement filters must be evaluated for spectral power distribution of the transmitted light per 4.1.1. 6.3 Perch The perch should be cleaned once a month. If any discoloration has occurred, the perch material must be replaced. NOTE: Some
45、 materials, such as gray foam material turn yellow over time. When this has occurred, it must be replaced to conform to 5.1. 6.4 Calibration and Certification Lighting units must be calibrated with NIST traceable certification at least once a year. Prior to and following calibration, the illuminance
46、, correlated color temperature, and CIE Publication 51 Em* should be recorded for each position. Calibration sticker must be affixed to the front of the unit. Lamps should be replaced when the unit is out, of specification for color temperature and/or intensity, provided all other factors affecting
47、color temperature or intensity are within tolerance (i.e., units properly calibrated. unit cleanliness, etc.). It is good practice to replace the lamp series (i.e., all daylight bulbs) when one lamp becomes defective. 6.5 Light Level Balance The light level (illuminance) should be checked monthly. M
48、easurements should be taken directly under each daylight lamp, 635 mm (25 in) below the diffuser. This distance is necessary in order to give a common measurement reference point. Any measurements taken within the viewing area shall not differ from the mean value of the measurements taken by more than 20%. The viewing area is defined as that which falls within 20% of the illumination level of that average. 6.6 Maintenance Log All maintenance activities, such as cleaning, calibration, bulb replacement, etc. should be recorded. Control charts, including upper and lower co
