1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2016 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publi
3、cation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (out
4、side USA)Fax: 724-776-0790Email: CustomerServicesae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on thisTechnical Report, please visitHTTP:/STANDARDS.SAE.ORG/J2498_201611SURFACE VEHICLERECOMMENDED PRACTICEJ2498 NOV2016Issued 1999-08Revised 2016-11Superseding J2498
5、AUG2011Minimum Performance of the Warning Light System Used on Emergency VehiclesRATIONALEThe document was revised to unify the terminology and test methods with other Emergency Warning Lights & Devices documents. Also, changes were made to remove the duplication of test requirements between this do
6、cument and SAE J595 and SAE J845 such that EWD Lamp Assemblies tested under those standards may be more easily evaluated per this document.2.1.1 - SAE Publications section revised to remove publications not referenced within document. Removed SAE J575 and SAE J1889.3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8 - Terminol
7、ogy is revised to match adopted terms of SAE J845: Lower Level Optical Warning Devices,Optical Power, EWD Lamp Assembly, Optical Warning Device, and Upper Level Optical Warning Devices.3.9 - Updated Figure 1 to remove split zones previously used for intermediate vehicle size.4.1.3 - Removed along wi
8、th Section 7.5.1 - Reworded to standardize testing to SAE J845 methods.5.2 - Photometric Tests section now refers to SAE J845 in order to standardize test setup, procedure, and process.6.3.2, 6.3.2.3, 6.4 - For consistency with industry definitions and practices: Length specified for midship device
9、requirement revised to 7.6 m (25 feet), (previously 6.7 m (22 feet).6.4.1.4/6.4.2.2 Steady burning statement moved from 6.2.1 in order to be more closely tied to the applicable test.6.4.2 (Previous) - Intermediate Emergency Vehicle section removed. Industry practice is to utilize the large vehicle r
10、equirements for vehicles in the category. The adjustment in length and height in other sections allows many vehicles previously defined as Intermediate to be categorized as Small.6.4.2 - Small vehicle height revised to 96 inches, was 82 inches.6.4.2.2 “Level” column removed from Tables 3A and 3B, no
11、 longer applicable.7 - Guidelines section removed as this is not industry practice and is unwieldy and difficult in actuality.“Optical Warning Device” is substituted for “Warning Device” throughout document.References to “Intermediate Emergency Vehicles” removed throughout document.Sections 5.2, 6.4
12、, and 7 as well as Tables 3A and 3B renumbered due to edits above.SAE INTERNATIONAL J2498 NOV2016 Page 2 of 81. SCOPEThis SAE Recommended Practice provides test procedures, requirements, and guidelines for the system of optical warning devices used on emergency vehicles.2. REFERENCES2.1 Applicable D
13、ocumentsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, thelatest issue of SAE publications shall apply:2.1.1 SAE PublicationsAvailable from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-732
14、3 (inside USA and Canada) or +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.SAE J387 Terminology - Motor Vehicle LightingSAE J578 Color SpecificationSAE J595 Directional Flashing Optical Warning Devices for Authorized Emergency, Maintenance, and Service VehiclesSAE J845 Optical Warning Devices for Autho
15、rized Emergency, Maintenance, and Service VehiclesSAE J1330 Photometry Laboratory Accuracy GuidelinesSAE J1690 Flashers3. DEFINITIONS3.1 ACTIVE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ANGLES OF LIGHT EMISSIONThe angles, specified by the manufacturer of the optical warning device, throughout which the optical warnin
16、g device contributes optical power to the lighting system.3.2 CENTER OF THE LENSFor optical warning devices with one lens, the geometric center of the lens. For optical warning devices with multiple lenses, the geometric center of the array of lenses.3.3 EMERGENCY VEHICLEAn ambulance, fire apparatus
17、, police car, or other vehicle which is permitted by law to call for the right of way and violate the rules of the road while responding to an incident affecting the public safety and to block the public road while at the scene of such an incident.3.4 LOWER LEVEL OPTICAL WARNING DEVICESWarning devic
18、es mounted with the center of the lens between 46 cm and 157 cm (18 inch and 62 inch) above grade.SAE INTERNATIONAL J2498 NOV2016 Page 3 of 83.5 OPTICAL POWERThe integration of the luminous intensity of the flashing EWD lamp assembly for a time of 60 seconds (Idt). Units are Candelas/min. 3.6 EWD LA
19、MP ASSEMBLY Any single, independently mounted, light-emitting component in the lighting system. An Emergency Warning Device (EWD) lamp assembly may consist of a single optical element or a fixed array of any number of optical elements whose geometric positioning relative to each other is fixed by th
20、e manufacturer of the device and not intended to be modified. To be considered a single source, the optical elements must be adjacent and operate simultaneously in all modes if the mode of the device is vehicle operator adjustable. 3.7 OPTICAL WARNING DEVICEA manufactured assembly of one or more EWD
21、 Lamp Assemblies.3.8 UPPER LEVEL OPTICAL WARNING DEVICESWarning devices mounted with the center of lens at a height greater than 157 cm (62 inch) above grade.3.9 ZONESFor the purpose of defining and measuring the required optical performance of upper and lower level optical warning devices, the uppe
22、r and lower warning levels shall each be divided into four warning zones. The four zones shall be determined by drawing lines through the geometric center of the emergency vehicle at 45 degrees to a line lengthwise of the emergency vehicle through the geometric center.The four zones shall be designa
23、ted A, B, C, and D in a clockwise direction with zone A to the front of the emergency vehicle. (See Figure 1)Figure 1 - Warning zones3.10 ZONE TOTALA zone total reflects the combined performance of the individual optical warning devices oriented as installed on the vehiclewhen viewed along the perim
24、eter of a circle of 30.5 m (100 feet) radius from the geometric center of the vehicle. The zone total is the sum of the optical power of all the devices that project signals of permissible color into the zone as measured at 5 degree increments along H.There are 19 measurement points in Zones A, B, C
25、, and D. The calculation of the upper level zone totals assumes that all upper level light sources are mounted at the geometric center of the vehicle and at the same height above grade. The calculation of the lower level zone totals assumes that all lower level light sources are mounted at the geome
26、tric center of the vehicle and at the same height above grade.SAE INTERNATIONAL J2498 NOV2016 Page 4 of 8With each optical warning device oriented as installed, the optical power contributed by every light source that would be visible at a given point is taken from the test reports provided by the m
27、anufacturer of the optical warning device and added together to determine the total optical power at that point. The zone total is the sum of the optical power at all of the measurement points in the zone. The zone totals of the upper and lower level optical warning devices are calculated independen
28、tly.4. MARKINGS AND NOTICES4.1 Certification of ComplianceThe emergency warning light installer or the owner shall be permitted to demonstrate compliance of the warning system by one of the following methods.4.1.1 Certification that the system was installed within the geometric parameters specified
29、by the manufacturer of the optical warning system and referencing the light source test reports provided by the manufacturer of the optical warning devices used in the system.4.1.2 Certification that a mathematical calculation performed by a qualified person demonstrates that the combination of indi
30、vidual devices, as installed, meets the requirements of this document. This calculation shall be based on test reports for individual light sources provided by the manufacturer of the device.5. TESTS5.1 Mechanical and Environmental TestsAll optical warning devices shall be tested in conformance with
31、 SAE J595 and/or J845.5.2 Photometric TestsAll optical warning devices shall be tested by, or on behalf of, the device manufacturer. The results of the testing shall beused to determine compliance with this document and shall be available upon request from the optical warning device manufacturer. Th
32、e goniometer, integrating photometer, and other equipment used to make test measurements shall meet the requirements of SAE J1330.Testing shall be performed per the Photometry Tests section of SAE J845 except the measurement intervals shall be as follows:5.2.1 The test shall be performed along the h
33、orizontal plane (H) passing through H-V, the center of light source, beginning at the vertical plane (V) passing through H-V, and repeated at 5 degree intervals to the left and right of V throughout the active horizontal angle of light emission of the light source being tested.5.2.2 The test shall b
34、e repeated at 5 degrees up and 5 degrees down from the horizontal plane (H) passing through the center of light source (H-V), beginning at the vertical plane (V) passing through H-V, and repeated at 5 degree intervals to the left and right of V throughout the active horizontal angle of light emissio
35、n of the light source.6. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS6.1 Optical Warning DevicesEach emergency vehicle shall have a system of optical warning devices that meet or exceed the requirements of this document.6.1.1 The optical warning system on large emergency vehicles, as defined in 6.4.1 and 6.4.2, shall c
36、onsist of upper and lower level optical warning devices, and the requirements for each level shall be met by the warning devices in that level without consideration of the warning devices in the other level. There are, however, no separate requirements for upper and lower level optical warning devic
37、es mounted on small emergency vehicles, as defined in 6.4.3.SAE INTERNATIONAL J2498 NOV2016 Page 5 of 8All devices shall comply with the following performance requirements of SAE J845.Vibration High temperature flash rate testMoisture Low temperature flash rate testDust Durability flash rate testCor
38、rosion WarpageEXCEPTION: Optical warning devices and components designed for mounting only in weatherproof, interior spaces shall be required to comply only with the vibration test, high temperature test, low temperature test, durability test, and the warpage test for plastic components.6.1.2 Each o
39、ptical warning device shall be installed on the emergency vehicle and connected to the vehicle electrical system in accordance with the requirements of this document and the requirements of the manufacturer of the device.6.1.3 A master optical warning system switch that energizes all of the optical
40、warning devices shall be provided.6.1.4 The optical warning system on the emergency vehicle shall be capable of two separate signaling modes during emergency operations. One mode shall signal to drivers and pedestrians that the emergency vehicle is responding to an emergency and is calling for the r
41、ight-of-way. The other mode shall signal that the vehicle is stopped and is blocking the right-of-way.6.1.5 A switching system shall be provided that senses the position of the parking brake or the park position of an automatic transmission. When the master optical warning system switch is closed, a
42、nd the parking brake is released or the automatic transmission is not in park, the warning devices signaling the call for the right-of- way shall be energized. When the master optical warning system switch is closed, and the parking brake is on or the automatic transmission is in park, the warning d
43、evices signaling the blockage of the right-of-way shall be energized. The system shall be permitted to have a method of modifying the two signaling modes.6.1.6 The optical warning devices shall be constructed or arranged to avoid the projection of light either directly or through mirrors into any dr
44、iving or crew compartment(s).6.1.7 The front optical warning devices shall be placed to maintain the maximum possible separation from the headlights.6.1.8 The light sources in the optical warning devices mounted on each level shall be of sufficient number and arranged so that failure of a single lig
45、ht source does not create a measurement point in any zone, on the same level as the failed light source, without a warning signal at a distance of 30.5 m (100 feet) from the geometric center of the emergency vehicle.6.2 Flash rate6.2.1 The minimum number of flashes from all of the light sources visi
46、ble at each measurement point shall be 150 flashes per minute and shall be determined by adding together the flash rates given on the test reports provided by the manufacturer of the optical warning device for every warning device visible at each measurement point.6.2.2 The flasher of any current in
47、terrupted, incandescent filament, flashing light source shall meet the requirements of SAE J1690.SAE INTERNATIONAL J2498 NOV2016 Page 6 of 86.3 Color6.3.1 Permissible colors or combination of colors in each zone, within the constraints imposed by applicable laws and regulations, shall be as shown in
48、 Table 1. The colors shall be white, red, yellow, or blue as specified in SAE J578.Table 1 - Zone colorsColor Call for Right-of-Way Blocking Right-of-WayRed Any Zone Any ZoneBlue Any Zone Any ZoneYellow Any Zone Except A Any ZoneWhite Any Zone Except C Not Permitted6.4 Size6.4.1 Requirements for Lar
49、ge Emergency VehiclesIf the emergency vehicle has a bumper-to-bumper length of 7.6 m (25 feet) or greater, the requirements of 6.4.1.1 through 6.4.1.4 shall apply.6.4.1.1 The upper level optical warning devices shall be mounted as high and as close to the corner points of the vehicle as is practical in order to define the clearance lines of the vehicle. However, these optical warning devices shall not be mounted above the maximum he
