1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: +1 (724) 776-4970 FAX: +1 (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS http:
3、/www.sae.orgCopyright 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.SURFACEVEHICLE400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001INFORMATIONREPORTJ2561ISSUEDDEC2001Issued 2001-12Bluetooth Wireless Protocol for Automotive ApplicationsForewordThe Bluetooth specifica
4、tion is an open specification that is governed by the Bluetooth Special InterestGroup (SIG). A Promoter Group leads this SIG and is comprised of nine companies1. Total membership in theBluetooth SIG, however, includes well over two thousand additional companies.The Bluetooth specification supports w
5、ireless communications in the unlicensed ISM (Industrial ScientificMedicine) band at 2.4 GHz. Frequency hopping is utilized to reduce interference and fading. The standardoperating range for a typical Bluetooth device is approximately 10 meters, (using class 3 transmit power of 1 mW).The subject mat
6、ter of this document covers some characteristic automotive applications utilizing Bluetoothwireless communications.TABLE OF CONTENTS1. Scope . 32. References . 32.1 Applicable Publications 32.1.1 SAE Publications 32.1.2 References Appearing in Text 32.1.3 CISPR Test Specification . 32.1.4 IDB Forum
7、Documents. 42.1.5 ISO Document Reference for Future Publication . 42.1.6 Web Sites . 43. Definitions. 44. Acronyms . 55. Functional Operation 51. Ericsson, IBM Corporation, Intel Corporation, Nokia, Toshiba Corporation, 3Com Corporation, Lucent Technologies, Microsoft Corporation and Motorola Inc.Co
8、pyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J2561 Issued DEC2001-2-6. Bluetooth Architecture, General Profiles and Usage Models86.1 Bluetooth Architecture Overview 86.1.1 Bluetooth Core Protocols
9、 96.1.2 Cable Replacement Protocol 106.1.3 Telephony Control Protocol 106.1.4 Adopted Protocols 106.2 Bluetooth General Profiles 116.2.1 GAP 116.2.2 SDAP 116.2.3 SPP. 116.2.4 GOEP . 126.3 Bluetooth Usage Models. 126.3.1 File Transfer126.3.2 Internet Bridge 126.3.3 Automatic Synchronization .126.3.4
10、Three-in-One Phone .126.3.5 Ultimate Headset 127. Automotive Piconet Potentials 137.1 Vehicle Installation 137.2 Applications 148. Requirement Recommendations 148.1 EMC Requirements 148.2 Security Requirements . 148.3 Message Strategy Requirements .158.4 Market Requirements . 15Appendix A 16A.1 Appl
11、ication Considerations .16A.1.1 Range . 16A.1.2 In-Vehicle Network Crosstalk 16A.1.3 Vehicle to Vehicle Network Crosstalk . 16A.1.4 Selective Network Membership 16A.2 Environment Considerations . 16A.2.1 Location of Hardware. . 16A.3 Performance Considerations 16A.3.1 Co-existence. 16Appendix B 17B.
12、1 Examples / Use Cases . 17B.1.1 Secure Transactions (Market to market). 17B.1.2 Diagnostics (Access may range from proprietary to unrestricted) 17B.1.3 Proprietary Communications 17B.1.4 Normal Mode Communications 17B.1.5 Infotainment 17Appendix C 18C.1 Rationale. 18Copyright SAE International Prov
13、ided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J2561 Issued DEC2001-3-1. ScopeThis SAE Information Report defines the functionality of typical Bluetooth applications used forremotely accessing in-vehicle automotive installations
14、 of electronic devices. Remote access may be achieveddirectly with on-board Bluetooth modules, or indirectly via a custom designed gateway that communicates withBluetooth and non-Bluetooth modules alike.Access to the vehicle, in the form of two-way communications, may be made via a single master por
15、t, or viamultiple ports on the vehicle. The Bluetooth technology may also be used in conjunction with other types of off-board wireless technology.This report recommends using a message strategy that is already defined in one or more of the documentslisted in 2.1.1, 2.1.4, 2.1.5, and 2.1.6. Those st
16、rategies may be used for some of the typical remotecommunications with a vehicle. It is recognized, however, that there may be specific applications requiring aunique message strategy or structure.This document depicts five different levels of security measures that may be required for the various t
17、ypes ofcommunication.The EMC test requirements for the implementation of this protocol are recommended.This report makes no attempt to define all of the applications wherein the Bluetooth protocol may be utilized. Anumber of use cases are listed in Section B.1 of the appendix to serve as representat
18、ive applications, e.g.,credit card transactions, vehicle diagnostics, toll booth collection, flash reprogramming, etc.2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this document to the extent specifiedherein. Unless otherwise specified, the latest version of SAE p
19、ublications shall apply.2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATIONSAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J1979E/E Diagnostic Test ModesSAE J2190Enhanced E/E Diagnostic Test ModesSAEJ2178-1Class B Data Communication Network MessagesDetailed Header Formats and PhysicalAddress Assignment
20、sSAEJ2178-2Class B Data Communication Network MessagesPart 2: Data Parameter DefinitionsSAEJ2178-3Class B Data Communication Network MessagesPart 3: Frame IDs for Single-ByteForms of HeadersSAEJ2178-4Class B Data Communication Network MessagesMessage Definitions for Three ByteHeaders2.1.2 REFERENCES
21、 APPEARING IN T EXTFor more information refer to the Bluetooth web site .1 “Specification of the Bluetooth System”, Core, V1.1, Feb. 20012 “Specification of the Bluetooth System”, Profiles, V1.1, Feb. 20013 “Bluetooth-based Wireless Connectivity in an Automobile Environment”, Rene Nusser and Rodolfo
22、Mann Pelz - Robert Bosch GmbH.4 “White paper on Bluetooth 1.1,” AU-SYSTEM, Sweden, January 20002.1.3 CISPR TEST SPECIFICATIONCISPR documents are available from American National Standards Institute(ANSI), 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036, Phone 212-642-4900, www.ansi.org.CISPR 25 Ed. 1.0 b:19
23、95 Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics forthe protection of receivers used on board vehiclesCopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J2561 Issued DEC2001-4
24、-2.1.4 IDB FORUM DOCUMENTSContact: Arlan Stehney, IDB Forum, 203 Spruce Drive, Suite 200 North,McMurray, PA 15317-3516, Phone 724-942-3636, www.idbforum.org.IDB-0008-0F, FEB 00, ITS Data Bus Phone Application Messages2.1.5 ISO DOCUMENT REFERENCE FOR F UTURE PUBLICATIONISO documents are available fro
25、m AmericanNational Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036, Phone 212-642-4900,www.ansi.orgThe document listed as follows is currently a working draft of ISO TC33/SC 3/WG 1, Secretariat: FAKRA.When contacting ANSI regarding this publication, refer to document number N100.
26、ISO/WD 14229-1.6, (2001-02-22), Road vehicles Diagnostic systems Part 1: Diagnostic services2.1.6 WEB SITES for white papers, look under “Technical info” Bluetooth specifications areavailable from this web site, as well as background and general information about Bluetooth.NOTE Work is currently und
27、erway by the Automotive Experts Group (AEG) of the Bluetooth SIG toinvestigate applications of Bluetooth for the vehicle. For more information contact the web sitelisted previously.Information regarding membership, as well as the necessary documents for early adopter/associatemembership applications
28、, are available by sending an e-mail to: bluetoothopengroup.org, or by contacting:Bluetooth SIGC/O The Open GroupApex Plaza, Foxbury RoadReading, Berkshire RG1 1AXU. Kbluetooth Motorola is a Bluetooth promoter company.3. Definitions3.1 Active SlavesA given multiple number of slaves (up to 7) that ar
29、e capable of communicating with aBluetooth master.3.2 Bluetooth MasterA given master that is uniquely addressed and capable of communicating with a multiplenumber (up to 7) of active slaves.3.3 Connected StateThe state where devices can exchange data under the control of the master.3.4 Inquiry Opera
30、tionA given device obtains information about the identity of other devices in its vicinity; theseother devices must be in an inquiry scan state to listen for and subsequently respond to inquiries.3.5 Inquiry Scan StateA given device is in the condition to listen and respond to a page.3.6 Parked Slav
31、esA given multiple number of slaves (up to 255) that are directly addressed to communicatewith a Bluetooth master, but are inactive at this point in time.3.7 Page StateA given device explicitly invites another device to join a network whose master is the invitingdevice; the other device must be in t
32、he condition to listen for and subsequently respond.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J2561 Issued DEC2001-5-3.8 Piconet2 A network where a given master communicates with one or more
33、slaves (up to 7 active slaves andup to 255 parked slaves are possible).3.9 ScatternetA condition when two or more communicating networks overlap, at least partially, in time andspace.3.10 Standby StateA given device is in the default operational condition, and typically idles only its native clock i
34、nthis low-power mode.4. AcronymsBD_ADDRBluetooth Device AddressCRCCyclic Redundancy CheckCVSDContinuous Variable Slope Delta ModulationFECForward Error CorrectionFHSFrequency Hopping SequenceFHSSFrequency Hopping Spread SpectrumGFSKGaussian shaped binary Frequency Shift KeyingIPInternet ProtocolISMI
35、ndustrial Scientific MedicineOBEXObject Exchange ProtocolRFCOMMSerial Cable Emulation ProtocolTCPTransmission Control ProtocolTCSTelephony Control Specification - BinaryTDDTime Division DuplexUDPUser Datagram ProtocolWAEWireless Application EnvironmentWAPWireless Application Protocol5. Functional Op
36、erationBluetooth is a short-range radio link intended to replace the cable(s) connectingportable and/or fixed electronic devices. Key features are robustness, low power, and low cost. 1The Bluetooth system consists of a radio unit, a link control unit, and a support unit for link management andhost
37、terminal interface functions (see Figure 1). The Bluetooth link controller carries out the basebandprotocols and other asynchronous low-level link routines.FIGURE 1BLUETOOTH FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM 12. Trademark of EricssonCopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo
38、 reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J2561 Issued DEC2001-6-Bluetooth operates in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial Scientific Medicine) frequency band and employsfrequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) technology. In a vast majority of countries around the worl
39、d therange of this frequency band is 2400 to 2483.5 MHz. Some countries have, however, national limitations in thefrequency range (see Figure 2). In order to comply with these national limitations, special frequency hoppingalgorithms have been specified for these countries. 1FIGURE 2BLUETOOTH OPERAT
40、ING FREQUENCIES AROUND THE WORLD 1With a hop rate of 1600 hops per second, the Bluetooth radio typically hops faster and uses shorter packetsthan other wireless systems operating in the same frequency band.Hopping increases the robustness of the transmission against typical interference phenomena. A
41、dditionally,the use of Forward Error Correction (FEC) reduces faults caused by jammed transmissions and limits theimpact of random noise. To reduce transceiver complexity, signal modulation is based on Gaussian shapedbinary frequency shift keying (GFSK). Key Bluetooth RF characteristics are presente
42、d in Table 1.The Bluetooth system supports both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections. Two or more unitssharing the same channel form a network. One Bluetooth unit acts as the master of the network, whereas theother unit(s) acts as a slave(s). Several networks can be established and lin
43、ked together ad hoc, with eachnetwork utilizing a different frequency hopping sequence. All users participating on the same network aresynchronized to this hopping sequence. A network supports up to eight devices, with one device acting as themaster. The master controls the traffic up to a maximum o
44、f seven units, defined as slaves in a network. 3TABLE 1KEY BLUETOOTH RF CHARACTERISTICSCharacteristic SpecificationCarrier Frequency 2400 to 2483.5 MHz (ISM Band)Transmit Power Power Class 1: 1 mW (0 dBm) to 100 mW (+20 dBm)Power Class 2: 0.25 mW (-6 dBm) to 2.5 mW (+4 dBm)Power Class 3: 1 mW (0 dBm
45、)Modulation 0.5 BT Gaussian-filtered 2FSK at 1Msymbol/sOperating Range 10 cm - 10 m (100 m with Power Class 1)Frequency Hopping Up to 1600 hops/s79 hopping-channels1 MHz channel spacingNumber of Devices 8 per Network 10 Networks in one environment(A network can track up to 200 nodes in park.)Maximum
46、 data throughput Speech (3 channels 64 kBit/s per channel)Data (DL:721 kBit/s, UL: 58 kBit/s or 433 kBit/s DL/UL)Speech-Codes LogPCMCVSDCopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE J2561 Issued
47、DEC2001-7-Multiple networks with overlapping coverage areas form a scatternet. Each network can have only a singlemaster. However, slaves can participate in different networks on a time-division multiplex basis. In addition, amaster in one network can be a slave in another network (see Figure 3). Th
48、e networks must not be time orfrequency synchronized. Each network must have its own hopping sequence.FIGURE 3NETWORKS: WITH A SINGLE SLAVE OPERATION (A),A MULTI-SLAVE OPERATION (B) AND A SCATTERNET OPERATION (C). 1The Bluetooth baseband protocol uses a combination of circuit and packet switching. I
49、nformation is exchangedthrough packets with each packet being transmitted on a different hop frequency. A slotted channel is appliedwith a nominal slot length of 625 s. A packet nominally requires a single slot, but can be extended up to fiveslots.Full duplex transmission is achieved by using time division duplex (TDD) where master and slave
