1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2008 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication ma
3、y be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)
4、Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgJ2703 OCT2008 SURFACEVEHICLERECOMMENDEDPRACTICEIssued 2008-10Superseding J185 MAY2003 CranesAccess and Egress RATIONALEThis recommended practice harmonizes with ISO 11660-2 (Cranes Access, Guards, and Restraints) with
5、only minor change.FOREWORDThis recommended practice establishes the criteria for access and egress systems for personnel getting on, off, or moving about while servicing or preparing to operate mobile cranes. 1. SCOPE This recommended practice specifies criteria for steps, stairways, ladders, walkwa
6、ys, platforms, handrails, handholds, guardrails and entrance openings which permit access to and from operator, inspection or maintenance platforms on mobile cranes parked in accordance with the manufacturers instruction. It also presents requirements for guards and restraints as related to moving p
7、arts. 2. REFERENCES There are no referenced publications specified herein.3. DEFINITIONS 3.1 Access System System provided on a machine for entrance to and exit from an operator, inspection or maintenance platform from and to the ground. The primary access system is the access system normally used,
8、while the alternative access system is the access route used during anticipated emergency situations when the primary access system cannot be used. 3.2 Jib Walkway Walkway used mainly on long jibs, such as on dragline cranes, which are inclined at angles up to 20 degrees from the horizontal.3.3 Jib
9、Skywalk Platform Maintenance platform on jib base sections. SAE J2703 Issued OCT2008 - 2 -3.4 Controlled Descent Device Device which can automatically lower a person without power at a fixed speed as part of an alternative access system. 3.5 Enclosure Opening Opening leading to or from an access sys
10、tem and large enough for a person to pass through. 3.5.1 Primary Opening Opening normally used for access. 3.5.2 Alternative Opening Opening for use during emergencies when the primary opening is not usable. 3.5.3 Service Opening Opening for use during maintenance, service or inspection. 3.6 Foot Ba
11、rrier Device to prevent a persons foot from slipping off the edge of a platform or walkway. 3.7 Guardrail Device along the open sides of walkways or platforms to protect a person from falling. 3.8 Handrail and Handhold Parts of an access system that may be grasped by the hand as an aid to body suppo
12、rt and balance. 3.9 Ladder Access system or part of an access system, inclined from the horizontal at an angle greater than 50 degrees but not more than 90 degrees, consisting of a series of equally spaced steps that can accommodate one or both feet. 3.9.1 Vertical Ladder Ladder whose angle of incli
13、nation from the horizontal is greater than 75 degrees. 3.9.2 Inclined Ladder Ladder whose angle of inclination from the horizontal is greater than 50 degrees but not more than 75 degrees. 3.9.3 Rung Ladder Ladder consisting of side rails and rungs which can accommodate both feet, used for access whe
14、re the angle of inclination from the horizontal exceeds 75 degrees. 3.9.4 Stepped Ladder Ladder consisting of side rails and steps which can accommodate both feet, used for access where the angle of inclination from the horizontal exceeds 65 degrees. SAE J2703 Issued OCT2008 - 3 -3.10 Ladder Fall-Li
15、miting Device Any device which minimizes or limits the length of fall from a ladder system. 3.11 Operators Platform Area from which an operator controls the travel and work functions of the machine. 3.12 Passageway Walkway with confining barriers on both sides that extend vertically above the walkin
16、g surface to a height of at least 1200 mm for erect walking or 300 mm for crawling. 3.13 Platform Horizontal surface for the support of persons engaged in operation, maintenance, inspection or repair work. 3.14 Ramp Plane inclined at an angle of 20 degrees or less from the horizontal, without steps,
17、 but with cleats or other surface treatment for the purpose of traction. 3.15 Cleat Device added to a walkway or ramp surface to improve traction. 3.16 Rest Platform; Landing Platform used in conjunction with a ladder system for a person to rest on while standing. 3.17 Riser Height Height between tw
18、o consecutive steps or rungs, measured from the tread surface of one step or rung to the tread surface of the next. 3.18 Rung Device on which one or both feet may be placed, generally installed on vertical ladders or on a single foot-step. 3.19 Stairway Access system or part of an access system incl
19、ined from the horizontal at an angle greater than 33.7 degrees but not more than 67 degrees and consisting of four or more steps. 3.20 Step Device for placement of one or both feet, either as part of a ladder or stairway, or installed (placed) individually. 3.21 Stride Distance Horizontal distance f
20、rom the leading edge of one step to the leading edge of the next step. 3.22 Three-Point Support Feature of an access system which permits, but does not require, a person to use simultaneously two hands and one foot or two feet and one hand, while ascending, descending or moving about on the crane. S
21、AE J2703 Issued OCT2008 - 4 -3.23 Tread Depth Distance from the leading edge to the back of the step. 3.24 Walkway Part of an access system that permits walking or crawling between locations on a crane. 3.25 Powered or Manually Actuated Access Device Device that through power or manual actuation pro
22、vides a complete or partial primary access or alternative access system. 3.26 Slip-Resistant Surface Access system surface having qualities which improve the traction obtained by the foot. Appendix A presents examples of surfaces that are considered “slip-resistant”. 4. GENERAL The minimum criteria
23、established herein are based on one person using the access system at any one time. It shall also be recognized that some machine designs may require modifications or variances from the requirements presented. 5. GENERAL CRITERIA 5.1 Access system design shall consider: a. The probability of a user
24、being inadvertently restrained by protruding devices such as controls, steps or handles catching or holding body appendages or wearing apparel; b. Protrusions which could trip the user or increase the severity of an injury in case of a fall; c. Providing handrails or handholds with a smooth hand gra
25、sp surface; d. The probability of user contact with potential hazards such as extreme differences in heat or cold, electrical hazards, moving parts and sharp corners; e. Use of the access system shall be easily understood and require no training; f. Proper placement of components offering three poin
26、t support to the user ascending or descending the access system when more than 1 m above the ground. 5.2 Primary access system devices may be portable for convenient storage on the crane but shall be capable of being positively secured when in use or in the stored position. 5.3 An alternative exit s
27、hall be provided and shall be clearly indicated if not obvious. 6. PERFORMANCE CRITERIA 6.1 The walking and standing surfaces of access systems shall withstand, without visible permanent deformation, the following minimum forces applied perpendicular to the surface. a. 2000 N concentrated through a
28、125 mm diameter disc applied at any location on the surface; and b. 4500 N uniformly distributed per square meter of surface area or fraction thereof if less than a square meter. These forces need not be applied simultaneously. SAE J2703 Issued OCT2008 - 5 -6.2 Openings in walkways and platform surf
29、aces shall not permit the passage of a spherical object of diameter greater than or equal to 40 mm. If the floor surface is above a surface where persons will be walking, standing or working, the opening shall not permit the passage of a spherical object of diameter greater than or equal to 20 mm. S
30、olid surfaces shall be used when necessary to prevent the passage of material that could result in personal injury to a person above or below the surface. For jib walkways and other similar areas that are used only for inspection or maintenance, the standing or stepping surface openings may be incre
31、ased to twice the above values. 6.3 Handrails, handholds and guardrails shall be capable of withstanding a minimum force of 1000 N applied at any point from any direction without visible permanent deformation. Flexible devices shall not deflect under the applied test load more than 80 mm from their
32、normal un-deflected position. 6.4 Machinery enclosure roofs used only for support of personnel during inspection, such as cab and canopy roofs, may comply only with 6.1 a). 6.5 All surfaces of the access system for e.g. walking, stepping or crawling (including any device or structural component ther
33、eof used as part of an access system) shall be slip-resistant.Crane track shoe and track pad surfaces can be used as access steps if three-point support is provided. 7. STEPS 7.1 Steps shall conform to the dimensions given in Figure 1 and Table 1. Where possible, steps should be wide enough to accom
34、modate both feet. 7.2 Where lateral body movement is necessary from the top or bottom step of a ladder to the next stepping surface, the distance between the rung and the nearest edge of the bearing surface shall be within a spherical radius R of 300 mm max. (See Figure 1). 7.3 Steps shall be coordi
35、nated with properly positioned handrails and handholds. 7.4 Wherever a foot can protrude through the step and contact a moving part, a shield shall be provided between the step and the moving part. 7.5 Step design should incorporate a barrier at the ends of the step which the foot will contact in th
36、e event of lateral slippage.7.6 The step tread surface shall not be intended for use as a handhold. 7.7 Step design should minimize accumulation of debris and aid in the cleaning of mud and debris from the shoe sole. Crawler tracks, if permitted as steps, do not meet this requirement. SAE J2703 Issu
37、ed OCT2008 - 6 -Dimensions in millimeters Platform Rung ladder Stepped ladder StairwayFIGURE 1 - STEPS, LADDERS AND STAIRWAYS SAE J2703 Issued OCT2008 - 7 -TABLE 1 - DIMENSIONS OF STEPS, LADDERS AND STAIRWAYS Dimensions in millimeters DimensionSymbol Description min. max A Height of first step above
38、 ground or platform - 700 B Riser height Rung ladders 230 400 Steps (stepped ladders, stairs, etc.) 180 250 C Step width Ladders for one foot 160 - for both feet 320 - Stairway 320 - D Rung tread -diameter or width 19 40 E Instep clearance 150 - F1 Tread depth Steps (stepped ladders, stairways, etc.
39、) 240(1)400 F2 Toe clearance (free space behind rungs) 150 - G Stride distance(2)130 270 H Distance from top rung of ladder to platform level - 150 I Head clearance above step leading to walkway 2000 - J Step placement (stair) (2B + G) 630 R Step placement from ladder - 300 1. See 9.3; can be reduce
40、d to 130 when free space for toe clearance is provided. 2. The formula given for J shall always be satisfied.7.8 Step design shall, as far as is practical, provide the user with natural foot placement while descending, or steps shall be clearly visible to the user while descending. NOTE 1: Natural f
41、oot placement of steps does not ensure user confidence. Only familiarity with the access system can instill confidence. 7.9 Flexibly-mounted series of steps should be avoided. If used, the steps shall not move more than 80 mm elastically in any plane when a horizontal force of 1000 N is applied cent
42、ered on the outer edge of the leading edge of the first non-swinging step from the ground. The first step from the ground may be free swinging. 8. LADDERS 8.1 Ladder steps shall meet the criteria specified in Section 7. 8.2 Vertical ladders which extend more than 5 m vertically above ground level sh
43、all be equipped with a ladder fall-limiting device, preferably of the passive type. Such a device shall not require continual manipulation for the user to ascend or descend the ladder. 8.2.1 The lower end of a ladder cage or other similar device, if used, shall be a maximum of 3 m above ground or pl
44、atform level. 8.2.2 The internal surface of a ladder cage on a vertical ladder shall not extend more than 700 mm from the steps nor shall its internal width be more than 700 mm. 8.3 A rest platform shall be provided at least every 10 m of vertical climb. 8.4 Winding or spiral ladders of vertical hei
45、ght 3 m shall be provided with open-side guardrails.SAE J2703 Issued OCT2008 - 8 -9. STAIRWAYS 9.1 Stairways shall be provided with at least one handrail. 9.2 Stairways with a vertical drop 3 m shall be provided with guardrails on the open side or sides. 9.3 Step tread depth on stairways shall be eq
46、ual to or greater than the riser height. Successive riser heights and successive step tread depths shall be of uniform dimensions.9.4 Stairway steps shall meet the criteria specified in Section 7. 10. HANDRAILS AND HANDHOLDS 10.1 Handrails and handholds shall conform with the dimensions specified in
47、 Figure 2 and Table 2.10.2 Handrails and handholds shall be appropriately placed along the access system to provide continuous support to a moving person and to enable users to maintain their balance. 10.3 The preferred cross-section of a handrail and handhold is circular. A square or rectangular cr
48、oss section with rounded corners is permissible. NOTE: Handrail extension may be an integral part of or separate from ladder. FIGURE 2 - HANDRAILS AND HANDHOLDS SAE J2703 Issued OCT2008 - 9 -TABLE 2 - DIMENSIONS OF HANDRAILS AND HANDHOLDS Dimensions in millimeters Dimension SymbolDescription min. ma
49、x. A Width (diameter or across flats) Ladder, step or walkway 16(1)38 Stairway and ramp handrails 16 80 B Length between bend radii for support legs of handholds 150 - C Hand clearance to mounting surface 75 - D Distance above standing surface - 1600 E Vertical distance of handrail continuation above step, platform, stairway or ramp 850 960 F Offset distance of handrail or handhold from edge of step 75 200 G Width between parallel han
