1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2011 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m
3、ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside U
4、SA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedbackon this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J2091_201106SURFACEVEHICLERECOMMENDEDPRACTICEJ2901 JUN2011 Issued 2011-06 Misfire Generator Fun
5、ctional Requirements RATIONALE This SAE Recommended Practice provides performance requirements and guidelines for misfire generators for spark ignition misfire generators. It is applicable for common types of ignition based misfire generators. FOREWORD Historically, SAE has provided recommended prac
6、tices where necessary to provide guidance to the automotive industry. Currently, misfire generators are required for misfire demonstration purposes to regulatory groups, and often used for development and calibration. Given the increase of world-wide marketing of motor vehicles and harmonization eff
7、orts, it is of interest to all vehicle manufacturers and ignition system suppliers to have an up-to-date recommended practice for misfire generator that is applicable to most types of ignition systems. INTRODUCTION This set of requirements identifies the means in which certain misfire functions shal
8、l operate. It is intended to provide the operating guidelines for certain required and developmental functions, standardize a minimum user interface, and establish the minimum hardware performance criteria. It will not set nor force constraints upon the misfire generators internal configuration or c
9、omponents other than the minimum hardware performance criteria. This will allow potential manufacturers to design a misfire generator without hardware technology constraints. Unless otherwise identified within a given individual requirement within this SAE J2901 document, all references to misfire a
10、nd engine operation shall pertain to all ignition control signals for a targeted combustion event in engines which support either single or multi-strike mode. Unless a requirement is stated to be an optional content or feature, the requirement shall be considered to describe required content or feat
11、ure to be included in the misfire generator design. SAE J2901 Issued JUN2011 Page 2 of 46 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 31.1 Purpose . 32. REFERENCES 32.1 Applicable Documents 32.1.1 SAE Publications . 33. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS . 34. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATED TERMS 55. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 55.1 General
12、 Requirements 55.2 Ignition System Requirements 55.2.1 Ignition systems 65.3 Misfire Timing and Patterns 95.3.1 Timing 95.3.2 Required Misfire Patterns 95.3.3 Optional Developmental Ignition Functionality 105.4 User Interface Requirements 115.4.1 Inputs. 115.4.2 Outputs 145.5 Environmental Requireme
13、nts 185.5.1 Size including rotary engines. This requirement assumes that the user has a fundamental understanding of misfire diagnostics as well as ignition controls. This requirement is not intended to be an introductory misfire guideline or interpretation of regulatory requirements. 1.1 Purpose Th
14、is document is intended to define the standards for misfire generators which will be used in vehicles that are required to detect and report misfire to regulatory groups. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herei
15、n. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.SAE J1930 Electrical/Electronic Systems
16、Diagnostic Terms, Definitions, Abbreviations, and Acronyms 3. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in SAE J1930 and the following apply. Accelerator Pedal - A foot operated device which, directly or indirectly, controls the flow of fuel and/or air
17、to the engine, controlling engine speed. Bank - Specific group of cylinders sharing a common control sensor, bank 1 always containing cylinder number 1, bank 2 the opposite bank. Battery - An electrical storage device designed to produce a DC voltage by means of an electrochemical reaction. Camshaft
18、 - A shaft on which phased cams are mounted. The camshaft is used to regulate the opening and closing of the intake and exhaust valves. Catalyst - A substance that can increase or decrease the rate of a chemical reaction between substances without being consumed in the process. In automotive usage,
19、the term catalyst is used to designate a device containing such substances for the purpose of lowering levels of harmful emissions in the exhaust gas that passes through it. Coil (Ignition) - An electrical transformer device consisting of windings of conductors around an iron core, designed to incre
20、ase the voltage, and for use in a spark ignition system. SAE J2901 Issued JUN2011 Page 4 of 46 Control - (1) A means or a device to direct and regulate a process or guide the operation of a machine, apparatus, or system. (2) An architectural system element which contains the algorithm for translatin
21、g input mechanism abstractions into output mechanism abstractions and implements the desired customer and system behaviors for a given function or feature. (SAE J1213-1) Cylinder Deactivation - An engine control strategy whereby some of the cylinders will be unfired, hence deactivated, under certain
22、 operating conditions in order to increase fuel economy. Although methodology may be different between manufactures, deactivated cylinders have some combination of being unfueled, unsparked, and valve actuation disabled. Device - A piece of equipment or a mechanism designed for a specific purpose or
23、 function. Electrical - A type of device or system using actuators, motors, generators, solenoids, switches, relays, etc. and generally involving higher current flow than electronic systems or devices. Electronic - (1) A type of device or system using diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, microp
24、rocessors, etc. and generally involving lower current flow than electrical systems or devices. (2) The storage, retrieval, and display of information through media such as magnetic tape, laser disc, electronic read only memory (ROM), and random access memory (RAM). Engine - A machine designed to con
25、vert thermal energy into mechanical energy to produce force or motion. Engine cycle - The duration in which it takes for the engine design to complete the sequence of steps associated with its particular design. A four stroke engines engine cycle will be completed once all four phases have completed
26、; intake, compression, power, and exhaust. Engine cycle mode - Describes a mode of operation in which the misfire generator will use engine cycles as the means to determine the interval between independent ignition coil control signal interrupts. Ground - An electrical conductor used as a common ret
27、urn for an electric circuit(s) and with a relative zero potential. Ignition - System used to provide a high voltage spark for internal combustion engines. Ignition Control Module - A component in which the Ignition Driver and Coil are combined. Ignition driver - An electronic switch that controls th
28、e coils primary winding current. Integrated Driver - A common name for an Ignition Control Module. Misfire - A lack of combustion in the cylinder due to absence of spark, poor fuel metering, poor compression, or any other cause. This does not include lack of combustion events in non-active cylinders
29、 due to default fuel shut-off or cylinder deactivation strategies. This definition correlates to the CARB definition for “Engine Misfire”. The misfire described in this document is the result of defeating all ignition control signals intended for a combustion event. Misfire - Control Unit - A compon
30、ent of the misfire generator assembly designed to interrupt ignition control signals. This unit may also contain user inputs and outputs and displays. Misfire - Generator - The misfire generator assembly, whose purpose is to artificially induce a lack of combustion in one or more cylinders of an int
31、ernal combustion engine. The misfire generator can consist of, but is not limited to the misfire control unit, remote unit, and remote unit interface harness. Multi-strike - An ignition system designed to provide more than one ignition control signal for a given combustion event. A multi-strike capa
32、ble system can be calibrated to provide one or multiple ignition control signals per combustion event. SAE J2901 Issued JUN2011 Page 5 of 46 Remote Unit Interface Harness - A component of the misfire generator assembly that is intended to connect the misfire control unit and misfire remote unit to t
33、he vehicle wiring harness. Remote Unit - A component of the misfire generator assembly intended to manage high ignition coil current. This unit may also contain user inputs and outputs and displays. Smart Coil - A generic term often used to describe an ignition control module which has an integrated
34、 coil driver. Switch - A device for making, breaking, or changing the connections in an electrical circuit. Voltage (High) - A voltage level greater than 60V DC (e.g., 300 volt systems) Voltage (Low) - A voltage level less than or equal to 30 V DC (e.g., 14 volt systems) Waste Spark - Ignition syste
35、m in which a single coil is used to fire opposing pair of cylinders twice per engine cycle. These companion cylinders are a pair of cylinders that are at top dead center (TDC) at the same time. The origin of the phrase refers to the fact that for every cylinders combustion event ignited by a spark,
36、its companion cylinder experiences a spark (of no consequence) at the same moment, which is near the end of the exhaust stroke. 4. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATED TERMS CARB - California Air Resources Board ECM - Engine Control Module EDIS - Electronic Distributorless System FTP - Federal Test Procedure MF
37、- Misfire PCM - Powertrain Control Module 5. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 5.1 General Requirements The requirements specified in this document are necessary to ensure proper operation of both the external test equipment (misfire generator) and the vehicle during diagnostic testing and demonstration. Any r
38、eference to a misfire generator within this document refers to all associated sub-components. Any requirement specific to a sub-component will reference the sub-component individually. The misfire generator, when not intentionally interrupting any ignition control signals, shall not affect normal op
39、eration of the ignition system or diagnostics. The misfire generator shall not cause any hardware or software remedial actions within the ignition system as a result of the misfire generators connectivity or operation. For example: When cylinders control signal is interrupted, a P0201 or P0351 DTC s
40、hall not set, and the ignition control module will not be placed in a default state. Additional DTCs, which are associated with physical behavior of the system, can set. For example: Inducing high rates of misfire that are equal to or greater than a catalyst damaging level of misfire can cause a P04
41、20 as well as a P0300 to set. 5.2 Ignition System Requirements The subsequent descriptions provide a high-level description of how the misfire generator will interact with electronic ignition systems. The misfire generator is not intended to function with mechanical (systems that include distributor
42、s) or capacitive discharge ignition systems. SAE J2901 Issued JUN2011 Page 6 of 46 5.2.1 Ignition Systems There are many types of ignition configurations. The differences in the systems are primarily due to the separation of the coil in which energy is stored, the ignition driver that manages the ab
43、ility of the coil to charge, and the spark plug in whichthe energy is discharged. The misfire generator shall be capable of interfacing with the following types of electronic ignition systems: Single-plug per coil - electronic ignition systems - Consisting of an electronic control unit, such as a PC
44、M or ECM, ignition driver, ignition coil, and spark plug. These essential components can be configured in many configurations, yet their primary functionality will always be supported. Multi-plug per coil - opposing paired cylinders or “Waste Spark” - Configured such that a pair of opposing cylinder
45、s, which are 360 degrees apart within the firing order, spark plugs are driven by a common coil. The pair of spark plugs fire twice per engine cycle. Multi-plug per coil - single cylinder - This ignition configuration is often referred to as “dual plug”. This ignition systemis essentially the same a
46、s the waste spark design with the exception that a single coil provides energy to two spark plugs which are connected to the same cylinder versus an opposing pair of cylinders. Exceptions (not within scope of this document): Mechanical distributor system, Capacitive discharge The key functional vari
47、ation that must be comprehended by the user, is determining if the misfire generator will be used with an ignition driver which is or is not integrated with the ignition coil. Integrated coil configurations are often referred to as smart coils. Any misfire generator built to these requirements shall
48、 be capable of supporting both integrated (smart coil) and non-integrated ignition coil (non-smart coil) configurations. 5.2.1.1 Coils with Integrated Drivers Integrated drivers are an efficient means in which spark energy can be managed while having high-current control provided external to the PCM
49、 or ECM. This allows the PCM or ECM to be the source of the control signal timing, and the ignition assembly, or ignition driver, sources the high energy for the spark plug. The ignition control signal is 0-5V in which ignition occurs at the falling edge (rising edge initiates onset of coil charging) For example: Given an ignition system with a fallin
